scholarly journals Under Ideal Conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rani Lill Anjum ◽  
Stephen Mumford
Keyword(s):  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Causal Laws

In this chapter, we discuss how reality is messy. Most events are not causally connected. Those that are, though, are important because they are a basis for prediction. It is useful, then, to have causal laws. The problem is that they all seem to have exceptions, and thus need to be ceteris paribus qualified. We might still think that if we could put a cause in ideal conditions, such as in a laboratory, its effect would follow as a matter of necessity. We find, however, that even this cannot be empirically proven. Any perfect regularity thus remains a philosophical postulate.

Ceteris paribus

Quadrature ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Uzan
Keyword(s):  
Ceteris Paribus

Kostenaspekte der frühen Diagnose und Pharmakotherapie beim Morbus Parkinson

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 844-849
Author(s):  
B. Akmaz ◽  
W. Janetzky ◽  
B. A. Kuchinke
Keyword(s):  
Medikamentöse Therapie ◽  
Morbus Parkinson ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Schweregrad Der Erkrankung ◽  
Frühzeitige Diagnose ◽  
Diagnose Und Therapie

ZusammenfassungDie Kosten extrapyramidaler Erkrankungen, z. B. des idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndroms (IPS), nehmen in Deutschland ständig zu und haben 2008 bei mehr als 2,3 Milliarden Euro gelegen. Dies entspricht im Vergleich zu 2006 einem Anstieg von 10,84%. Wegen des progredienten Charakters von Morbus Parkinson werden im Rahmen dieses Beitrags drei Fragen gestellt und analysiert: wie hoch die jähr-lichen Kosten für IPS-Patienten sind, ob einzelne Schweregrade der Erkrankung zu unterschiedlichen Kosten führen und ob eine frühzeitige Diagnose und Therapie ceteris paribus nicht nur einen Nutzen für den Patienten darstellt, sondern gleichzeitig auch Kosteneinsparpotenziale realisiert werden. Auf Basis von Studien sowie eigener Berechnungen wird gezeigt, dass die Kosten pro Jahr und Patient bis zu 18 680 Euro (H&Y IV und V) betragen und erheblich vom Schweregrad der Erkrankung abhängen. Darauf aufbauend wird diskutiert, ob durch eine frühzeitige medikamentöse Therapie und eine Verlangsamung des Verlaufs der Erkrankung ein erhebliches Kostensenkungspotenzial besteht.

Triangulating Area Studies, Not Just Methods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudra Sil
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
Area Studies ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Causal Laws ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

This chapter revisits trade-offs that qualitative researchers face when balancing the different expectations of area studies and disciplinary audiences. One putative solution to such trade-offs, mixed-method research, emphasizes the triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods. CAS, as defined above, essentially encourages a different form of triangulation—the pooling of observations and interpretations across a wider array of cases spanning multiple areas. This kind of triangulation can be facilitated by cross-regional contextualized comparison, a middle-range approach that stands between area-bound qualitative research and (Millean) macro-comparative analysis that brackets out context in search of causal laws. Importantly, this approach relies upon an area specialist’s sensibilities and experience to generate awareness of local complexities and context conditions for less familiar cases. The examples of cross-regional contextualized comparison considered in this chapter collectively demonstrate that engagement with area studies scholarship and the pursuit of disciplinary knowledge can be a positive-sum game.

From Regularities to Tendencies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rani Lill Anjum ◽  
Stephen Mumford
Keyword(s):  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Empirical Fact

It ought to be conceded, as an empirical fact, that there are seldom, if ever, perfect regularities in nature. Generalizations, instead, have to be made ceteris paribus. If there is no perfect regularity, however, this still does not mean that there is no causation. Causal claims can instead rest on recognizable tendencies. Tendencies can come in various degrees of strength, some very strong and some very weak. Ceteris paribus laws could be understood in terms of tendencies, which involve less than necessity but more than pure contingency. A tendency cannot be identified with a statistical incidence, however. Instead, we can think of any such incidences as being produced by the underlying tendencies.

Because Without Cause

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Lange
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Scientific Explanations ◽  
Physical Necessity ◽  
Explanatory Priority ◽  
Causal Laws

This chapter investigates non-causal scientific explanations that work by describing how the explanandum involves stronger-than-physical necessity by virtue of certain facts (“constraints”) that possess some variety of necessity stronger than ordinary causal laws possess. In particular, the chapter offers an account of the order of explanatory priority in explanations by constraint. It examines several important examples of explanations by constraint, distinguishing their natural kinds. It gives an account of the sense in which constraints are modally stronger than ordinary causal laws and an account of why certain deductions of constraints exclusively from other constraints possess explanatory power whereas others lack explanatory power.

The Value of Information in the Hold-Up Problem

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Head Office ◽  
Specific Investments ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Central Management

Abstract In the literature, the information structure of the hold-up problem is typically assumed to be exogenous. In this paper, we introduce an additional stage at which the head office may grant individual divisions access to an information system before they undertake their specific investments. Although more information ceteris paribus enhances each divisions’ profits, more information can reduce divisions’ investments and destroy synergies for the other division that would have been generated by the investments. If this negative effect dominates, then information can be harmful for the entire company. Hence, information control can be a subtle force to deal with the hold-up problem to a certain extent. In this paper we analyze those conditions under which information is either harmful or beneficial for central management.

Governance and Regional Variation of Homicide Rates

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqun Cao ◽  
Yan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Region Data ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Criminological Theories ◽  
Cross National

Criminological theories of cross-national studies of homicide have underestimated the effects of quality governance of liberal democracy and region. Data sets from several sources are combined and a comprehensive model of homicide is proposed. Results of the spatial regression model, which controls for the effect of spatial autocorrelation, show that quality governance, human development, economic inequality, and ethnic heterogeneity are statistically significant in predicting homicide. In addition, regions of Latin America and non-Muslim Sub-Saharan Africa have significantly higher rates of homicides ceteris paribus while the effects of East Asian countries and Islamic societies are not statistically significant. These findings are consistent with the expectation of the new modernization and regional theories.

Is theism a simple hypothesis? The simplicity of omni-properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
CALUM MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Simple Theory ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Simple Hypothesis ◽  
Richard Swinburne ◽  
In Virtue Of

AbstractOne reason for thinking that theism is a relatively simple theory – and that it is thereby more likely to be true than other theories,ceteris paribus – is to insist that infinite degrees of properties are simpler than extremely large, finite degrees of properties. This defence of theism has been championed by Richard Swinburne in recent years. I outline the objections to this line of argument present in the literature, and suggest some novel resources open to Swinburne in defence. I then argue that scientists' preference for universal nomological propositions constitutes a very strong reason for supposing that theism is simpler than parodical alternatives in virtue of its positing omni-properties rather than parallel ‘mega-properties’.

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