Turing’s model of the mind

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Sprevak
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Intelligent Machine ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
Magic Trick ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Mind

This chapter examines Alan Turing’s contribution to the field that offers our best understanding of the mind: cognitive science. The idea that the human mind is (in some sense) a computer is central to cognitive science. Turing played a key role in developing this idea. The precise course of Turing’s influence on cognitive science is complex and shows how seemingly abstract work in mathematical logic can spark a revolution in psychology. Alan Turing contributed to a revolutionary idea: that mental activity is computation. Turing’s work helped lay the foundation for what is now known as cognitive science. Today, computation is an essential element for explaining how the mind works. In this chapter, I return to Turing’s early attempts to understanding the mind using computation and examine the role that Turing played in the early days of cognitive science. Turing is famous as a founding figure in artificial intelligence (AI) but his contribution to cognitive science is less well known. The aim of AI is to create an intelligent machine. Turing was one of the first people to carry out research in AI, working on machine intelligence as early as 1941 and, as Chapters 29 and 30 explain, he was responsible for, or anticipated, many of the ideas that were later to shape AI. Unlike AI, cognitive science does not aim to create an intelligent machine. It aims instead to understand the mechanisms that are peculiar to human intelligence. On the face of it, human intelligence is miraculous. How do we reason, understand language, remember past events, come up with a joke? It is hard to know how even to begin to explain these phenomena. Yet, like a magic trick that looks like a miracle to the audience, but which is explained by revealing the pulleys and levers behind the stage, so human intelligence could be explained if we knew the mechanisms that lie behind its production. A first step in this direction is to examine a piece of machinery that is usually hidden from view: the human brain. A challenge is the astonishing complexity of the human brain: it is one of the most complex objects in the universe, containing 100 billion neurons and a web of around 100 trillion connections.

The Mental Aspects of Ordinary Disease

1874 ◽  
Vol 20 (91) ◽  
pp. 387-409
Author(s):  
J. Milner Fothergill
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Natural Man ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Mind

The relations of body and mind are becoming not only much more comprehensible, but even much better understood, since science has shaken off the incubus of theological teaching as to the severance of soul and body. As long as the mind was something separated from the body, or only united to it by slack and loosely fitting ties, mental phenomena could have nothing to do with bodily conditions—insanity was a disease of the soul; and the monk, standing over a miserable lunatic chained to a staple in a wall, and flogging him in order to make him cast his devil out, was a logical outcome of this hypothesis, however repugnant to more recent and correcter views. The baneful psychology of theologians is now thoroughly undermined, and the erroneous and mischievous superstructure is cracking and gaping on every side, and ere long the ground occupied by a crumbling ruin will be covered by a gradually growing erection based on a foundation of facts, and reared by an expanding intelligence. The union of psychology and physiology is the closing of the circuit, in one direction, of the pursuit after knowledge, and forms the initiation of a rational and intelligible comprehension of the mind and of its relation to corporeal conditions. How such mistaken and false ideas of the word melancholia, as those entertained by the monk as an alienist physician, could have attained their sway in the face of such maxim as mens sana in corpore sano, only becomes intelligible when we remember the ignorance, the superstitious prejudices, the contempt for the knowledge of the natural man, which ever characterise the theological mind, and which found their highest expression during the monkish supremacy of the dark ages—that interval of black ignorance which intervened betwixt the decadence of Latin civilisation and that intellectual evolution, the Renaissance, which indicated the advent of the reign of human intelligence. Slowly but surely was the emancipation of the intellect from the fetters of priestly tyranny achieved, as death thinned the ranks of its opponents, and the grim despotism of Torquemada and his coadjutors waned into the pettier and less terrible persecution of more recent ecclesiastics, and the tremendous grip of hierarchical supremacy gradually merged into the palsied, nerveless grasp of a doting and dying theology, the mere spectre of its former self. Curious men were the Church's leaders of the middle ages. In their cathedrals the light of day was only permitted to enter to a limited extent, and that too through the medium of coloured glass, so as to produce the “dim religious light,” while artificial lights burnt up before their altars; so were their minds closed to the natural light of the human understanding, and artificially illumined by the creations of their diseased imaginations, amidst whose coloured rays the white light of truth was always obscured, if not rarely utterly lost. But in the mortality of man lies the hope, the salvation of truth.

The Mental Aspects of Ordinary Disease

1874 ◽  
Vol 20 (91) ◽  
pp. 387-409
Author(s):  
J. Milner Fothergill
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Natural Man ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Mind

The relations of body and mind are becoming not only much more comprehensible, but even much better understood, since science has shaken off the incubus of theological teaching as to the severance of soul and body. As long as the mind was something separated from the body, or only united to it by slack and loosely fitting ties, mental phenomena could have nothing to do with bodily conditions—insanity was a disease of the soul; and the monk, standing over a miserable lunatic chained to a staple in a wall, and flogging him in order to make him cast his devil out, was a logical outcome of this hypothesis, however repugnant to more recent and correcter views. The baneful psychology of theologians is now thoroughly undermined, and the erroneous and mischievous superstructure is cracking and gaping on every side, and ere long the ground occupied by a crumbling ruin will be covered by a gradually growing erection based on a foundation of facts, and reared by an expanding intelligence. The union of psychology and physiology is the closing of the circuit, in one direction, of the pursuit after knowledge, and forms the initiation of a rational and intelligible comprehension of the mind and of its relation to corporeal conditions. How such mistaken and false ideas of the word melancholia, as those entertained by the monk as an alienist physician, could have attained their sway in the face of such maxim as mens sana in corpore sano, only becomes intelligible when we remember the ignorance, the superstitious prejudices, the contempt for the knowledge of the natural man, which ever characterise the theological mind, and which found their highest expression during the monkish supremacy of the dark ages—that interval of black ignorance which intervened betwixt the decadence of Latin civilisation and that intellectual evolution, the Renaissance, which indicated the advent of the reign of human intelligence. Slowly but surely was the emancipation of the intellect from the fetters of priestly tyranny achieved, as death thinned the ranks of its opponents, and the grim despotism of Torquemada and his coadjutors waned into the pettier and less terrible persecution of more recent ecclesiastics, and the tremendous grip of hierarchical supremacy gradually merged into the palsied, nerveless grasp of a doting and dying theology, the mere spectre of its former self. Curious men were the Church's leaders of the middle ages. In their cathedrals the light of day was only permitted to enter to a limited extent, and that too through the medium of coloured glass, so as to produce the “dim religious light,” while artificial lights burnt up before their altars; so were their minds closed to the natural light of the human understanding, and artificially illumined by the creations of their diseased imaginations, amidst whose coloured rays the white light of truth was always obscured, if not rarely utterly lost. But in the mortality of man lies the hope, the salvation of truth.

scholarly journals The Visual Arts and how Advanced Mathematics Affects Human Consciousness

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Advanced Mathematics ◽  
Cognitive Hierarchy ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Computational Modeling and Advanced Mathematics: How it affects the encoding of memory in the brain. Computational modeling and advanced mathematical models defined the visual cognitive hierarchy that connects to human intelligence and creative thinking. The influential of human intelligence and the brain provides concretes images that neuroscience creates spatial abstraction and cultural creative thinking. The genes and the environment affects’ the plasticity and neuroplasticity of the human brain. The creative cognitive genome affects human intelligence. This stimulates the reconstruction and the plasticity of the brain. Consciousness is recreated by the momentum of time. And this affects the experiences of the events and frequency. The generation of consciousness and brain activity. The neural mechanism that retrieves consciousness and the significant of brain anatomy. Computational modeling and advanced mathematics affects the encoding and decoding of consciousness and memory. Therefore, it is true that advanced mathematics and computational analysis affects the encoding of memory in the human brain. The Encoding of Consciousness and Mathematics in the Human Brain. Encoding and Consciousness comes in many ways and visual mathematic patterns. It is the refraction to our human intelligence and creative thinking. It recreates our personal memories and it encodes the mind mapping abstraction as an algorithm. Perhaps, the mind is our biggest treasure and it recreates memories and experiences. Neuroscience provides findings and it chooses consciousness. What we recreate is not an illusion but a brain algorithm that happens through numerical figures. It is the surroundings of the impossible. Moreover, the possibility of a thinking pattern that helps believes our soul. Our language is not only based on neurons although it recognizes sound and it merges in the Broca’s area and the cerebral cortex. It is recognition of brilliance and creative thinking.

The Modern Aristotle: Michael Polanyi’s Search for Truth against Nihilism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Hoinski ◽  
Ronald Polansky
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Michael Polanyi ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Human Desire ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Theoretical Science

David Hoinski and Ronald Polansky’s “The Modern Aristotle: Michael Polanyi’s Search for Truth against Nihilism” shows how the general tendencies of contemporary philosophy of science disclose a return to the Aristotelian emphasis on both the formation of dispositions to know and the role of the mind in theoretical science. Focusing on a comparison of Michael Polanyi and Aristotle, Hoinski and Polansky investigate to what degree Aristotelian thought retains its purchase on reality in the face of the changes wrought by modern science. Polanyi’s approach relies on several Aristotelian assumptions, including the naturalness of the human desire to know, the institutional and personal basis for the accumulation of knowledge, and the endorsement of realism against objectivism. Hoinski and Polansky emphasize the promise of Polanyi’s neo-Aristotelian framework, which argues that science is won through reflection on reality.

The Church as a Sacrament in a Time of Pandemic: The Philippine Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-280
Author(s):  
Rhoderick John Suarez Abellanosa
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Social Instability ◽  
Presence Of God ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

The declaration of enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) in various provinces and cities in the Philippines did not impede the Catholic Church from celebrating its sacraments and popular devotions. Mired with poverty and various forms of economic and social limitations, the presence of God for Filipinos is an essential element in moving forward and surviving in a time of pandemic. Predominantly Roman Catholic in religious affiliation, seeking the face of God has been part of Filipinos' lives whenever a serious disaster would strike. This essay presents how the clergy, religious and lay communities in the Philippines have innovatively and creatively sustained treasured religious celebrations as a sign of communion and an expression of faith. In addition to online Eucharistic celebrations that are more of a privilege for some, culturally contextualised efforts were made during the Lenten Season and even on Sundays after Easter. This endeavour ends with a reflection on the Church as the sacrament of God in a time of pandemic. Pushed back to their homes, deprived of life's basic necessities and facing threats of social instability, unemployment and hunger, Filipinos through their innovative celebrations find in their communion with their Church the very presence of God acting significantly in their lives.

Beérkezett könyvek

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-427
Author(s):  
Csaba Pléh
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Origin Of Mind ◽  
The Mind

Ádám György: A rejtozködo elme. Egy fiziológus széljegyzetei Carpendale, J. I. M. és Müller, U. (eds): Social interaction and the development of knowledge Cloninger, R. C.: Feeling good. The science of well being Dunbar, Robin, Barrett, Louise, Lycett, John: Evolutionary psychology Dunbar, Robin: The human story. A new history of makind's evolution Geary, D. C.: The origin of mind. Evolution of brain, cognition and general intelligence Gedeon Péter, Pál Eszter, Sárkány Mihály, Somlai Péter: Az evolúció elméletei és metaforái a társadalomtudományokban Harré, Rom: Cognitive science: A philosophical introduction Horváth György: Pedagógiai pszichológia Marcus, G.: The birth of the mind. How a tiny number of genes creates the complexities of human thought Solso, R. D.: The psychology of art and the evolution of the conscious brain Wray, A. (ed.): The transition to language

Integration of CAD/CAE/RP Environment for Developing a New Product in Medical Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (9A) ◽  
pp. 1276-1282
Author(s):  
Nabeel I. Allawy ◽  
Amjad B. Abdulghafour
Keyword(s):  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Virtual Surgery ◽  
Multiple Fractures ◽  
Engineering Programs ◽  
Mesh Model ◽  
The Face

Reconstruction of the mandible after severe trauma is one of the most difficult challenges facing oral and maxillofacial surgery. The mandible is an essential element in the appearance of the human face that gives the distinctive shape of the face, holds. This paper aims to propose a methodology that allows the surgeon to perform virtual surgery by investing engineering programs to place the implant by default and with high accuracy within the mandible based on the patient's medical data. The current study involved a 35-year-old man suffering from a traffic accident in the mandible with multiple fractures of the facial bones. Basically, an identification of the steps required to perform virtual surgery and modeling images from the CBCT technology has been done by using the software proposed in the research. The implant model is designed as a mesh model, allowing the patient to return to a normal position. Moreover, an application of FEA procedures using the Solidworks simulation software to test and verify the mechanical properties of the final transplant.

Information and mechanical models of intelligence

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Eunice Quilici Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Meaningful Information ◽  
Intelligent Behavior ◽  
Mechanical Models ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Impact

The impact of new advanced technology on issues that concern meaningful information and its relation to studies of intelligence constitutes the main topic of the present paper. The advantages, disadvantages and implications of the synthetic methodology developed by cognitive scientists, according to which mechanical models of the mind, such as computer simulations or self-organizing robots, may provide good explanatory tools to investigate cognition, are discussed. A difficulty with this methodology is pointed out, namely the use of meaningless information to explain intelligent behavior that incorporates meaningful information. In this context, it is inquired what are the contributions of cognitive science to contemporary studies of intelligent behavior and how technology may play a role in the analysis of the relationships established by organisms in their natural and social environments.

Une attitude libertine: badiner avec la mort. Boureau- Deslandes et ses Réflexions sur les grands hommes qui sont morts en plaisantant

2012 ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Francine Markovits
Keyword(s):  
The Face ◽  
The Mind

Don't philosophers die just like all other men? In order to speak of the death of philosophers, why choose an author like Boureau-Deslandes, who collected anecdotes of insolence in the face of death? Undoubtedly, free minds could only disarm theology by joking about it. The mental, moral and playful mechanisms of the mind can be taken apart to reveal the bans inscribed in the conscience through the workings of institutions. Against the philosophies of melancholy, fear, death and power, a philosophy of banter is a cheerful philosophy, an ethics of taste that destabilises the rules. It is this practice of bantering insolence that turns temperament into virtue and a man into a philosopher.

scholarly journals Limits of Artificial Intelligence: a perspective from the psychobiological development

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Londoño-Valencia
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
John Mccarthy ◽  
Everyday Problems ◽  
Complex Algorithm ◽  
Complex Computer

For several decades the term Artificial Intelligence, coined by John McCarthy in 1956, is being used to generate complex computer solutions to everyday problems and for the development of technologies based on the conceptualization about human intelligence, allowing imitate it the more closely possible. Although there have been major advances in this field, there has not been possible to create a computer or a sufficiently complex algorithm that allow to make undifferentiated the human intelligence of the artificial intelligence, such as proposed by Alan Turing in his famous test. For this reason it is important to reflect on the reasons for not been able to reach this ambitious goal, so an analytical and compared proposal is presented in this paper about the limits of AI paired against the psychobiological characteristics and processes that support the intelligence in humans.Keywords: artificial intelligence, human intelligence, adaptation, development, biology, evolution.

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