Theological Constructions of Scottish National Identity

2019 ◽  
pp. 288-302
Author(s):  
Doug Gay
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
First Century ◽  
Public Theology ◽  
Theological Ethics ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Reformation

This chapter reflects theologically on the historical development of theological constructions of Scottish identity, considering disputed assessments of ‘nationalism’ in the light of insights from both political theology and theological ethics. It explores how early modern developments, from the Reformation through to the Unions of 1603 and 1707, continued to be reflected and refracted in nineteenth- and twentieth-century constructions. It traces the influence of two world wars, decolonization, and the end of the British Empire on the development of contested public theology accounts of Scotland’s twenty-first century history, in which arguments for devolution and independence continue to play a leading role.

The Nature and Legacy of British Imperial Internment

2020 ◽  
pp. 303-314
Author(s):  
Stefan Manz ◽  
Panikos Panayi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
First Century ◽  
Great War ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Way

This chapter begins by highlighting the main findings of the book, including the globalization of internment by the Empire during the Great War and the consequences for individuals and their families, but also the fact that Britain treated those it had incarcerated in a humane way. The chapter examines the return to Germany, its consequences for individuals, and the way in which the German authorities dealt with the former residents of the British Empire. These people, who may not have seen their homeland for decades, made efforts to preserve the memory of their experiences, along with former civilian and military prisoners who came from other states at war with Germany. While the memory of internment may have survived into the interwar years, it disappeared in the second half of the twentieth century, but came back to life in the early twenty-first century, inspired by the centenary of the Great War.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
J. V. Fesko
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of

This chapter introduces the topic of the history of the early modern Reformed doctrine of the covenant of works. It first defines the doctrine and then provides a state of the question through a survey of relevant secondary literature. After the state of the question, the chapter states the book’s main aim, which is to present an overview of the origins, development, and reception of the covenant of works. In contrast to critics of the doctrine, this book stands within another strand of historiography that sees the covenant of works as a legitimate development of ideas present in the early church, middle ages, and Reformation periods. The chapter then lays out the topics of each of following chapters: the Reformation, Robert Rollock, Jacob Arminius, James Ussher, John Cameron and Edward Leigh, The Westminster Standards, the Formula Consensus Helvetica, Thomas Boston, and the Twentieth Century.

scholarly journals An Unresolved Dilemma in English Bible Translation: How to English Paul’s Use of the Δικαι- Family

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-136
Author(s):  
Richard K. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
English Word ◽  
First Century ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
Word Families ◽  
Family Approach ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Usa

From the Lollard versions of the fourteenth century, the six words of the word family at the heart of Paul’s doctrine of justification have most often been represented by two English word families. Tyndale also used them for his 1526 New Testament, providing the model for KJV (1611), dominant for over 350 years. With the Reformation, this two-word-family approach became linked with the Protestants’ forensic model of justification. In the nineteenth century an alternative view was developed: the relational model. Characterized by a single English word family, it became quite influential in the last third of the twentieth century, being the preferred model of the mainstream Bible Societies in the USA and Britain. However, by the twenty-first century it had disappeared from commonly used English versions. Reasons given here show that reinstatement of the relational model is essential if Paul’s message of justification is to become intelligible to an English reader.

10 Evolution and Gestalt of the Italian State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattarella Bernardo Giorgio
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
First Century ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
The Republic

This chapter presents an analysis of Italy's administrative history. It looks at the historical development of Italian public administration and administrative law in Italy beginning from the nineteenth century. The chapter then proceeds to the first half of the twentieth century, focusing primarily on the policies of Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, which saw a marked rise in changes and developments within administrative law. Also of note during this period was the role of administrative law during the era of fascism in Italy. The latter half of the twentieth century would mark a departure from this period, focusing mainly on liberal administrative law and the Republic. Finally, the chapter turns to the features of administrative law in the twenty-first century, before closing with some concluding remarks on the features peculiar to Italian administrative law.

Twentieth-Century Orthodox Reception of Aquinas

2021 ◽  
pp. 441-451
Author(s):  
Marcus Plested
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
First Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Critical Engagement ◽  
Orthodox Theology ◽  
Twenty First Century

The reception of Aquinas in the twentieth century must be understood in the context of the experience of political instability, exile, and Communist oppression that affected, in one way or another, virtually all the theology of the period. In this century, the anti-Westernism of the Russian Slavophiles reaches something of a peak, with Aquinas routinely held up as an archetypal representative of a theological tradition quite foreign to that of the Orthodox Church. That said, there are a number of examples of a more nuanced and less polemical approach to Aquinas that serve to provide hope for a less confrontational (if still duly critical) engagement with Aquinas within Orthodox theology in the twenty-first century. Such an engagement would, in fact, be not unlike that widely found in the Byzantine and early modern periods.

Norman Anderson and the Christian Mission to Modernize Islam

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
Christian Mission ◽  
Secular Modernity ◽  
Christian Discourse ◽  
Insight Into

Western Christians in the twentieth century viewed Islam through a lens of social and political concerns that would have appeared novel to their medieval and early-modern predecessors. Concerns about the predicament of secular 'modernity' infused Christian discourse with distinct assumptions that shaped engagement with Islam in fundamentally new ways. J. N. D. (Norman) Anderson (1908-94), a highly influential British Christian scholar of Islam, embodied this new orientation in his commitment to 'modernize' Islam. Anderson's engagement with Islam as a missionary, intelligence agent, scholar of Islamic law and advisor to various Muslim governments, spanned multiple decades and continents. As well as shaping Western understandings of Islamic law and its application, he was involved in debates about the end of the British Empire and the transformation of Christian missions following formal decolonization. Because of Anderson's location at the intersection of so many different debates concerning Islam, his life provides unique insights into the ways in which Christians reconfigured their response to Islam in the last century. Given Christianity's continued influence on British and American ideas about Islam, this study provides crucial insight into the persistent focus on 'modernizing' and 'secularizing' Islam today.

The Woman in the Wilderness

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-46
Author(s):  
John Howard Smith
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
New World ◽  
First Century ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
Book Of Revelation ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
The Reformation

Medieval and early modern Christianity wrestled uncomfortably with Christianity’s fundamentally chiliastic nature. Just as first-century Christians strove to dissociate their religion from its radical Jewish roots in order to cultivate legitimacy, so did theologians of subsequent centuries strive to downplay apocalypticism in favor of vague millennialism. The magnetic imagery of the Book of Revelation gripped the popular imagination, with its compelling imagery of seven-headed beasts, Christ’s glorious return armed for the final battle with Satan, and descriptions of signs presaging the dawning of the Latter Day. Some theologians could not resist the lure of apocalyptic analysis, and many laypeople yearned to witness the events of Revelation, while others sought to play leading roles in bringing it on. The Reformation refreshed apocalyptic millennialism, and Calvinist Puritans from England transplanted this to the “New World,” which Massachusetts Bay–founder John Winthrop predicted would be a “city on a hill.”

scholarly journals Antiquarianism: A Reinterpretation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Jackson Williams
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Breaking Work

Antiquarianism, the early modern study of the past, occupies a central role in modern studies of humanist and post-humanist scholarship. Its relationship to modern disciplines such as archaeology is widely acknowledged, and at least some antiquaries—such as John Aubrey, William Camden, and William Dugdale—are well-known to Anglophone historians. But what was antiquarianism and how can twenty-first century scholars begin to make sense of it? To answer these questions, the article begins with a survey of recent scholarship, outlining how our understanding of antiquarianism has developed since the ground-breaking work of Arnaldo Momigliano in the mid-twentieth century. It then explores the definition and scope of antiquarian practice through close attention to contemporaneous accounts and actors’ categories before turning to three case-studies of antiquaries in Denmark, Scotland, and England. By way of conclusion, it develops a series of propositions for reassessing our understanding of antiquarianism. It reaffirms antiquarianism’s central role in the learned culture of the early modern world and offers suggestions for avenues which might be taken in future research on the discipline.

Von der Geldbuße zu Gottes Gesetz: Die Reformation des schwedischen Strafrechts

2020 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-347
Author(s):  
Dieter Strauch
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
Early Modern Times

AbstractFrom Fine to Gods Law: The Reformation oft the Swedish Penal Law. The medieval Swedish Landscape Laws punished criminal offences by fines. In early modern times the number of corporal punishments and especially death penalties increased. Only from the 14th century male and female offenders were punished alike. Further great changes were brought about by the Reformation as the biblical Mosaic death penalties were put into action for serious offences according to Guds och Sveriges lag (God’s and Sweden’s Laws). During the 16th and 17th centuries no pardon was given in cases of biblical serious offences. Only in the 19th and 20th centuries criminal law was humanized. Death penalties were not abolished before the twentieth century.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Victoria Van Hyning
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Life Writing ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth

The Introduction maps the landscape of the early modern English convents in exile, and situates the literature of the nuns of St Monica’s and Nazareth within a broader history of monastic literature and culture, medieval to modern, with emphasis on the period shortly after the Reformation, through to the late eighteenth century. The case studies at the heart of the subsequent five chapters are briefly outlined, and reveal a broad range of literary styles and motifs spanning epistolary, chorographical, confessional, and devotional expression, by anonymous as well as named authors. This section introduces the concepts of anonymous and subsumed autobiography, which trouble the still well established, if deeply contested, definitions of autobiography propounded by Philippe Lejeune. These new genres are informed by scholarship of the late twentieth and twenty-first century, devoted to the subjects of women’s writing, and autobiography, self- or life-writing.

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