British Radio Marketing, Distribution, and Retailing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Scott
Keyword(s):  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
The Cost

This chapter concludes discussion of the inter-war radio market by examining the specific strategies used by independent radio manufacturers to develop distinctive brands and thus avoid falling under the control of larger radio companies. These include innovative marketing, product differentiation through innovations in design, and strong, cooperative links with the retail trade. It also examines two alternative channels of supply for radio reception that did not require purchasing a receiver—relay services (which provided radio services from central stations by wire relays) and set rentals. Both offered the potential to extend the market to families that struggled to afford the cost of a radio set and—in the case of wire relays—to families without mains electricity. However, the expansion of these services—especially wire relays—was constrained by the determined opposition of the mainstream radio trade.

The Choice of Prices versus Quantities under Outsourcing

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray-Yun Chang ◽  
Jin-Li Hu ◽  
Yan-Shu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Intermediate Good ◽  
Price Strategy ◽  
Competition Strategy ◽  
Duopoly Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Prices Versus Quantities

Abstract This paper establishes a duopoly model with product differentiation and outsourcing in order to analyze the equilibrium competition strategies (choice of prices versus quantities) when the outsourcer outsources its intermediate good to a final product competitor. We show that: (1) both firms choose the quantity strategy when the cost efficiency of the subcontractor is low; (2) the choice of competition strategy is the price strategy for the subcontractor and the quantity strategy for the outsourcer when the cost efficiency of the subcontractor is moderate; (3) both firms choose the price strategy when the cost efficiency of the subcontractor is sufficiently high.

scholarly journals Adaptation of the marketing communication policy of trade enterprises to the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleh Burdyak ◽  
Irуna Cherdantseva
Keyword(s):  
Retail Trade ◽  
Sales Promotion ◽  
Marketing Communications ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
Communication Policy ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
The Cost

The article discovers the nature and significance of the complex of marketing communications in the market activities of trade retail enterprises of Ukraine and analyzes the features and key indicators of the development of the food retail market in recent years. Based on the results of a consumer survey and statistics on the cost of marketing communications of enterprises in 2020, individual changes in customer purchasing behavior caused by quarantine restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic are characterized. Among these changes, attempts to reduce the number of visits and minimize the time spent in the store are highlighted, an increase in the volume of simultaneous purchases of "necessary" goods and a decrease in the number of spontaneous and unplanned purchases, a change in priorities regarding store formats and their remoteness, an increase in the popularity of online shopping and delivery services, and so on. The influence of the identified changes on the attitude of customers to marketing communications of retail trade entities is determined and possible directions for adapting the communication policy of enterprises to work in quarantine conditions are indicated. In particular, the possibilities of adapting individual advertising tools at the place of sale, advertising in social media and instant messengers, sales promotion measures, commercial propaganda and sponsorship are defined.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF DETERMINATION OF COST OF RIFLE SHOOTING-IRON

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Angela Komisarova ◽  
◽  
Pavlo Pechorin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Small Arms ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Judicial Investigation ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Cost

The article is devoted to the study of the issues of conducting a complex forensic commodity and forensic ballistic examination of small arms firearms of the range of specialized retail trade network. Attention is paid to the importance of providing a judicial opinion on a comprehensive investigation to determine the amount of damage caused by the crime, which will be used by pre-trial and judicial investigation authorities as a source of evidence in criminal, civil, commercial and administrative cases. The problem faced by commodity experts in the study of firearms and determining their value has been studied. Features of research of these objects are considered, the stages and sequence of complex research of the weapon are schematically represented. In particular, the ballistic stage of the study is described in detail. Forensic signs of belonging of the object to the firearm, constructive signs and the signs characterizing a condition of object and a way of its manufacturing that allows to reveal separate individual signs of the small arms and to carry out its exact identification are resulted. The problematic issues of ballistic research of firearms are illustrated by practical examples. The algorithm of carrying out of a stage of forensic research on an estimation of consumer properties of the weapon is stated; the expediency of using certain methodological approaches and methods of establishing the market value of weapons generally accepted in forensic science has been determined. The expediency of applying costly and comparative methodological approaches during the commodity research stage to determine the value of research objects is substantiated. Describes the feasibility of using a comparative methodological approach, when the secondary market for the sale of the object under study is quite developed and there is sufficient reliable information on the prices of offers for similar property; costly methodological approach - when the market of purchase and sale of these objects in use is significantly limited, there are no analogues of the investigated property in the secondary market, which denies the possibility of applying a comparative methodological approach, but it is possible to determine the cost of reproduction (replacement) estimates by a similar object.

scholarly journals Technologies for Distributed Generation: key performance factors for industrial application

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Nalbandyan ◽  
S. S. Zholnerchik
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
The Cost

The reduction in the cost of technologies for distributed generation involves an increasing decentralization of power generation and large-scale development of distributed sources around the world. This trend is a key change in both the characteristics of electricity consumption: it is becoming increasingly flexible and mobile, and the patterns of consumer behavior in the electricity market. Electricity consumers are becoming at the same time its suppliers and require revision of traditional regulation standards of the electricity market. The purpose of the article is to assess the influence of distributed generation on the economy of both enterprises and the country as a whole. To identify the effects of the introduction of distributed generation technologies, the method of case study analysis is used. The empirical analysis was carried out on the basis of twelve Russian companies that use their own energy sources. The selected companies belong to the following industries: industrial production, housing and communal services, retail trade, construction, agriculture. Technological and economic effects are revealed. Technological ones include: improving consumer reliability, energy security, involving local energy resources, optimizing load management and redundancy, providing the flexibility of smart grids (in terms of generation), reducing the load on the environment, including CO2 emissions. Economic effects: optimization of the load schedule, reduction of losses in the process of transmission/distribution of energy, expansion of cogeneration, etc., providing the consumer with the electricity of a given quality, saving losses in networks, reducing the cost of energy. The identified effects of the introduction of distributed generation technologies make it possible to highlight the advantages of regeneration facilities: high efficiency and the possibility of cogeneration and trigeneration, individual maneuvering capacity loading, high reliability of equipment, low cost of transportation of electricity, fuel usage of the by-products and the main production waste. In conclusion, recommendations are formulated on a set of measures for the development of industrial distributed generation in Russia at the Federal level.

Business Strategy and the Cost of Equity Capital: An Evaluation of Pure versus Hybrid Business Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Khedmati ◽  
Edwin KiaYang Lim ◽  
Vic Naiker ◽  
Farshid Navissi
Keyword(s):  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
Pure Product ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT We examine the effect of pure (product differentiation or cost leadership) versus hybrid (a mix of product differentiation and cost leadership) business strategies on the cost of equity capital. Our results suggest that firms with a pure, relative to a hybrid, business strategy have a significantly lower cost of equity, and the cost of equity effect is equally driven by pure product differentiation and pure cost leadership strategies. We also find that firms following a pure business strategy are associated with lower systematic risk. Further, the lower cost of equity effect of a pure product differentiation strategy is more pronounced in high-technology industries and in regions with greater innovative capital. Our findings are robust to an array of robustness checks including change specification regressions and various methods for addressing endogeneity. Data Availability: All data used in this study are publicly available from the sources identified in the paper.

An Appraisal of Aadhaar and Digital Payments Strategies in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 130-148
Author(s):  
Ajit Dayanandan ◽  
Rajesh Many
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Electronic Trading ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
Digital Payments ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Trade Market

India has high digital ambitions despite considerable poverty, the digital divide, and continued high currency usage. Digitalisation has caused both excitement and fear in India – government and companies are excited about an increase in efficiency, closing the leakages, customer confidence, and satisfaction. The present study examines the role of digitalisation in the Indian economy, especially in creating a unique Digital ID (Aadhaar) and its impact on the economic, financial, and payment infrastructure. The study finds major innovations in cheque processing, real-time gross settlement, national electronic fund transfer, and other payment methods have considerably reduced the cost of banking facility in India. The Indian capital market has already witnessed electronic trading and settlement and has recently witnessed emergence of no-brokerage companies which can change the fundamental dynamics of the investment industry in India. The retail trade market, especially e-commerce, ride share market in India reflecting global trends, has also witnessed considerable “multi-homing.”

scholarly journals CURRENT STATE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Koshelek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
The Real ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The Cost

Carrying out business activities, enterprises ensure the development of the modern economy of the country, form the budget of different levels. Entrepreneurship itself forms an effective management system, is a requirement for achieving economic growth. The result of entrepreneurial activity is to make a profit. It is worth noting that experts provide contradictory assessments of the development of entrepreneurship in Ukraine. In the international ranking of ease of doing business Doing business-2020, Ukraine has taken 64th place, rising by 7 positions and improving 5 of the 10 key indicators. According to general statistics, there is a positive trend of growth of economic entities in recent years, but it does not provide growth in sales, this growth is accounted for by enterprises. It is self-employed entrepreneurs, who are the driving force of any country's economy, a means of overcoming the problems of low solvency and unemployment in the country. In the structure of economic entities in Ukraine by type of economic activity, the number of wholesale and retail trade enterprises and enterprises engaged in information and telecommunication activities is growing year after year, but the number of construction enterprises, transport enterprises, industrial enterprises, and agricultural enterprises is decreasing. The analysis of the cost structure by economic elements of Ukrainian enterprises showed that in general the largest share in the cost structure of business entities in Ukraine for the period from 2012 to 2019 is occupied by material costs. That is, the production of products (goods, services) is material-intensive and the country does not introduce innovative technologies. Due to the industrialization of the real sector of the economy, especially in manufacturing, the country has lost the complex types of production that provided the value chain. The result of such losses was the loss of entire sectors of complex exports and the stagnation of the real sector of the economy. As a result of provided research, it can be noted that there are certain problems in the country for the development of entrepreneurship, which is a special type of activity. The state should support small and medium-sized businesses in the country because entrepreneurship itself is a powerful "locomotive" that will make it possible to ensure proper growth of production and welfare. The prospect of further research should be the study of business engineering as a modern management technology that can significantly accelerate the reform of the domestic economy on a market basis.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY OF SMALL AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY BY THE ANALYSIS METHOD OF FUNCTIONING ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Andrii SAKHNO ◽  
Iryna PAVLYUK
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Activity Rating ◽  
The Cost

It has been proposed to use the analysis method of the operating environment to assess the effectiveness of small agricultural enterprises based on the two input factors characteristics (resources) – labor costs of enterprises, the cost of equity and the resultant factor – the volume of sales. Coefficients of coverage by volume of sold products (goods, works, services) of own capital cost and labor costs for small agricultural enterprises by types of economic activity have been calculated, which allowed types of economic activity rating by small enterprises by coefficients of coverage of sold products (goods, works, services) cost of capital, labor costs and financial results. It has been proved that the activity of small agricultural enterprises among all other types of economic activity has the highest rating on the coefficients of coverage of sold products (goods, works, services) of labor costs, but the lowest on the coefficients of coverage of sold products (goods, works, services) capital, despite the fact that the amount of profit is inferior only to economic entities engaged in wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles. Using the coefficients values of coverage of the sold products volume (goods, works, services), the cost of equity and labor costs, built an environment for small agricultural enterprises, which allowed to form a line of technical efficiency: (agriculture, forestry and fisheries-wholesale and retail trade; repair motor vehicles and motorcycles-information and telecommunications-education) and on the basis of the position of agriculture, forestry and fisheries to find a new position by designing a line with the position of inefficient economic activity (Activities in the field of administrative and support services). It has been outlined the possibility of optimizing the activities of small agricultural enterprises by increasing the volume of sold products (goods, works, services) and reducing costs, which will improve the financial result (will increase profits).

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