John among the Apocalypses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin E. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Gospel Of John ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Genre Theory ◽  
Synoptic Gospels ◽  
Book Of Revelation ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

The central place of revelation in the Gospel of John and the Gospel’s revelatory telling of the life of Jesus are distinctive features of John when compared with the Synoptic Gospels; yet, when John is compared among the apocalypses, these same features indicate John’s striking affinity with the genre of apocalypse. By paying attention to modern genre theory and making an extensive comparison with the standard definition of “apocalypse,” the Gospel of John reflects similarities with Jewish apocalypses in form, content, and function. Even though the Gospel of John reflects similarities with the genre of apocalypse, John is not an apocalypse, but in genre theory terms, John may be described as a gospel in kind and an apocalypse in mode. John’s narrative of Jesus’s life has been qualified and shaped by the genre of apocalypse, such that it may be called an “apocalyptic” gospel. Understanding the Fourth Gospel as “apocalyptic” Gospel provides an explanation for John’s appeal to Israel’s Scriptures and Mosaic authority. Possible historical reasons for the revelatory narration of Jesus’s life in the Gospel of John may be explained by the Gospel’s relationship with the book of Revelation and the history of reception concerning their writing. An examination of Byzantine iconographic traditions highlights how reception history may offer a possible explanation for reading John as “apocalyptic” Gospel.

scholarly journals Esports Clubs’ Work in Media Spaces: Distinctive Features

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Petryk ◽  
Alexander Meleshchenko ◽  
Anastasiia Volobuieva
Keyword(s):  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Active Audience ◽  
Media Component ◽  
History Of ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Media ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Development Prospects

On 7 May 2015, the term “esports” was officially added to one of the most extensive online English dictionaries “Dictionary.com.” The dictionary gives the following definition of the term “esports”: “competitive tournaments of video games, especially among professional gamers” (IGN, 2015). The history of esports began in the late 20th century with the game Quake, which allowed users to play together through a LAN or internet network. Since then, a tremendous number of new esports leagues have emerged. Every year, game publishers promote esports disciplines; create a media space around them, and make competitively oriented games, creating an active audience. The popularity of computer-based esports grows each year at an increasing speed. Therefore, it is not surprising that the traditional for typical sports (football, basketball, volleyball, etc.) model of interaction between professional players (esports athletes) and sports clubs (esports organizations) emerged quite rapidly. This interaction aims to optimize the training process to increase athletic achievements and develop the media component for players and clubs. This article analyzes how esports clubs function in media spaces: their goals, tools, strategies, results, and development prospects on the examples and experience of professional esports organizations in Germany, Finland, and China.

The “Apocalyptic” Gospel and the Apocalypse of John

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-200
Author(s):  
Benjamin E. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Reception History ◽  
Fourth Gospel ◽  
Divine Revelation ◽  
Book Of Revelation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Apocalypse Of John

Understanding the Fourth Gospel as “apocalyptic” Gospel raises questions about its relationship with the book of Revelation. Even though many ancient and modern interpreters do not think John and Revelation share the same author, they do share numerous similarities in vocabulary, syntax, and theological themes and are considered to be related in some way. The reception history of Johannine authorship indicates that Revelation has often been understood to have been written before the Gospel. The Gospel has also been described as being received through divine revelation. Within Byzantine iconography, these two traditions come together in the depiction of John dictating the Gospel in the cave of revelation on the island of Patmos as he receives it directly from heaven. The priority of Revelation and the divine reception of the Gospel are possible explanations for the Gospel’s apocalyptic mode.

scholarly journals Marx’s monetary theory and its practical value

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-200
Author(s):  
Guogang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Financial Supervision ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Monetary Theory ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

Purpose Marx’s monetary theory is an important part of Marxist economics and an irreplaceable milestone in the intellectual history of the monetary theory. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the main content of Marx’s monetary theory from three aspects: the source and nature of money, the function of money and the historical significance of money. Design/methodology/approach Moreover, this paper also gives an extended understanding of Marx’s monetary theory from four perspectives: the endogenous credit mechanism of money, the functions of money and demands for money, the financial function of money and the economic and social functions of money. Findings Lastly, the present paper discusses the practical significance of Marx’s monetary theory from three perspectives, namely, the inspection of “Bitcoin” from the nature and function of money, the definition of demands and the division of supplies at the monetary level, and the prevention of systemic financial risks and the focus of financial supervision. Originality/value Marx’s monetary theory is an important part of Marxist economics and an irreplaceable milestone in the intellectual history of the monetary theory. However, for a long time, the contribution of Marx has rarely been mentioned in the intellectual history of monetary theory. Even the book, Political Economy (On Capitalism), has been only summarily concerned with the source and function of money in Marx’s monetary theory, rather than revealing Marx’s outstanding contribution in the monetary theory and the financial connotation of Marx’s monetary theory, and expounding its practical significance.

Aphorisms of Jesus in John: An Illustrative Look at John 4.35

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 207-229
Author(s):  
Linda McKinnish Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Gospel Of John ◽  
Synoptic Gospels ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Full Expression ◽  
Jesus Seminar ◽  
The World ◽  
John's Gospel ◽  
And Function ◽  
Sayings Of Jesus

AbstractThis literary genre, the aphorism, finds full expression in the Gospel of John. Vestiges of the world of orality, these 'gems of illumination' invite intense reflection and response as they illuminate not only the literary landscape of the Gospel but also provide a lens for viewing the Jesus tradition in the Gospel of John. My work is indebted to the research of J.D. Crossan, author of In Fragments who has written the definitive work on the aphorisms of Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels. More explorative work, however, is needed for the aphorisms of Jesus with particular focus on John's Gospel. Although the aphorisms of Jesus in John were omitted in the database of authentic sayings of Jesus compiled by the members of the Jesus Seminar, might these lapidary gems be placed on the table once more for exploration? While I am confident that the Johannine aphorisms lead us through the narrative landscape of the Gospel and even reveal distinctive aspects of the community, is it possible that they might also provide at least a brief glimpse of Jesus? Using the agrarian aphorism of Jn 4.35 as a showcase illustration, this article proposes to identify the form and function of the Johannine aphorism; to investigate the authenticity of the saying in Jn 4.34-35 using established criteria of authenticity; and to suggest the often-overlooked criterion of orality is a most useful tool for continued exploration.

Manuscripts of the Book of Revelation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrick V. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Book Of Revelation ◽  
New Jerusalem ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

The book of Revelation is a disorienting work, full of beasts, heavenly journeys, holy war, the End of the Age, and the New Jerusalem. It is difficult to follow the thread that ties the visions together and to makes sense of the work’s message. This book argues that one way to understand the strange history of Revelation and its challenging texts is to go back to its manuscripts. The texts of the Greek manuscripts of Revelation are the foundation for the words that we encounter when we read Revelation in a modern Bible. But the manuscripts also tell us what other ancient, medieval, and early modern people thought about the work they copied and read. The paratexts of Revelation—the many features of the manuscripts that help readers to navigate and interpret the text—are one important point of evidence. Incorporating such diverse features like the traditional apparatus that accompanies ancient commentaries to the random marginal notes that identify the identity of the beast, paratexts are founts of information on how other mostly anonymous people interpreted Revelation’s problem texts. This book argues that manuscripts are not just important for textual critics or antiquarians, but that they are important for scholars and serious students because they are the essential substance of what the New Testament is. This book illustrates ways that the manuscripts illuminate surprising answers to important critical questions, like the future of the critical edition in the digital age, the bibliography of the canon, and the methods of reception history.

Dualism or Paradox? A New ‘Light’ on the Gospel of John

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-118
Author(s):  
Douglas Estes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gospel Of John ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Communicative Strategy ◽  
And Function ◽  
Meaning And Function

Abstract Modern scholarship maintains the Gospel of John is dualistic. This view is uneasily held as there is a growing move to distance the gospel from the original history-of-religions concept of dualism that reached its peak in the mid-twentieth century with expectations of incipient Gnosticism in John. Instead of further nuancing the dualistic-sounding ideas in John, this essay challenges directly the claim that John is dualistic—and it proposes that what is often understood to be a dualistic metaphysic is actually paradoxical language as part of the Gospel’s oral and literary language games. Starting with a survey of how dualism entered into the scholarly purview of John, the essay then turns to the meaning and function of paradox in the ancient world. Since scholars point to John’s ‘light’ and ‘darkness’ imagery as the most prominent example of dualism, this essay uses the paradox language of ‘light’ and ‘darkness’ as a test case to demonstrate how paradox, and not dualism, is a more accurate and historical descriptor for John’s communicative strategy.

New Music versus New Wave

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-115
Author(s):  
S. Alexander Reed
Keyword(s):  
Reception History ◽  
New Music ◽  
Big Science ◽  
New Wave ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter offers a reception history of Big Science, showing the ways listeners constellated the album within fields of genre. In doing so, it offers a definition of genre that differentiates between concerns of audience and concerns of style, framing generic tags as the provisional result of ongoing negotiations between musical stakeholders. In particular, the chapter asks how listeners heard Big Science as either new music or new wave. It unpacks the aesthetics and underlying ethics of both of those genres, highlighting their overlap in concerns of timbre, race, gender, geography, and low-context aesthetics.

Genre, “Apocalypse,” and the Gospel of John

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-36
Author(s):  
Benjamin E. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Gospel Of John ◽  
Genre Studies ◽  
Fourth Gospel ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Spatial Content

Comparing the Gospel of John with Jewish apocalypses requires some understanding of what an apocalypse is. This chapter discusses contemporary understandings of what genre is and how it is determined by readers and authors. Recent genre studies have shown that humans categorize things in relation to cognitive prototypes (i.e., how closely something relates to a prototypical example). The Semeia 14 definition of “apocalypse” functions as a prototype definition, especially with its underlying “master-paradigm.” The genre of apocalypse should not be determined only by eschatological content but also by its revelatory form, spatial content, and function. The Gospel of John has been noted to share some similarities with Jewish apocalypses, but the most methodologically sound way of comparing John’s apocalyptic characteristics is to compare the Fourth Gospel with the genre of apocalypse.

Genre Theory, Rewritten Bible and Pesher

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Second Temple ◽  
Genre Theory ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Textual Traditions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Generic Instability

AbstractThis article considers how the wide range of compositions from the Second Temple period that represent or depend implicitly or explicitly on some form of authoritative Jewish scripture should be suitably described and categorized. Three broad sets of issues are addressed. The first concerns how the “authority” of texts or textual traditions within particular groups of texts should be articulated suitably, particularly in relation to the respective roles for form, content and function in such articulations. The second concerns the role that should be played by reflections on the hierarchy of genres, generic instability, and evolutionary models of genre construction in how it is appropriate to distinguish earlier from later, or authoritative from dependent, primary from secondary compositions. The third concerns what labels might suitably be imposed on this broad range of literature, a breadth of literary compositions that seldom makes plain how it understands itself. The questions are addressed by the open-ended definition of the corpus to be studied, by consideration of the problems surrounding the criteria for generic definition, by reviewing the perspectives derived from thinking about the evolution of genres, and by giving some place to the need for cross-cultural analogies. A concluding section asks diachronic and synchronic questions about anthologies of authoritative texts and their interpretations.

scholarly journals What do we mean by Impact?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A. Perry ◽  
David G. Imig
Keyword(s):  
Schools Of Education ◽  
Education Doctorate ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
History Of ◽  
Graduate Schools Of Education ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Short Essay ◽  
Change Efforts

A history of change efforts by philanthropic agencies and government organizations directed at graduate schools of education has not produced long-term or sustained changes in their form and function. The Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED), however, has been able to demonstrate that external change efforts can result in change in schools of education when bottom-up efforts are combined with top-down support. Such change is an important "impact" of CPED. In this short essay, the CPED Executive Director and Chairman of the Board provide an overview of CPED's impact and then challenge authors and reader to help CPED further extend the definition of impact as it related to all aspects of the Education Doctorate.

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