BODIPY-pyrene donor-acceptor sensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion: the impact of BODIPY-core on upconversion efficiency

The triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is an important type of optical process with applications in biophotonics, solar energy harvesting and photochemistry. In most of TTA-UC systems, the formation of triplet...

Imposing criminal liability on juveniles: problem issues and ways to address them

The article highlights the issues of how to impose criminal liability on juveniles. Based on the analysis of consistency between the effective Criminal Code of Ukraine and the international standards of juvenile rights protection, the author has outlined the ways of how to improve the existing legal standards of such imposing. More specifically, the grounds for punishment mitigation have been determined depending on the gravity of offence. The punishment should be consistent with the offence committed. And the best way to match the punishment and the offence is when the punishment derives from the offence itself, from its nature. A fine will be a good enough response, because it makes the committed offence kind of unprofitable for the convicted individual. One of the punishments that the Criminal Code of Ukraine anticipates for juveniles is a fine. However, Article 99 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine mentions no minimum fine amount allowed for juveniles. As these specific standards are absent, juveniles should be subject to the general standards available, i.e. the minimum fine amount is equal for both juveniles and adults. It would be reasonable to decrease the minimum fine amount for juveniles in the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author believes that the only guarantee for this fine to be paid can be the standalone property owned by the convicted individual, which could be foreclosed. An important type of punishment for juveniles is correction works. However, no specific conditions of its imposing on juveniles exist. One of the major ways to influence the individual convicted to correction works is labor and disciplinary impact of the labor collective (employees), which is but unfeasible today. In fact, no legal pattern exists to ensure that the employees will fulfill their obligations to rehabilitate the convicted individuals. Yet another type of punishment that Article 98 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine anticipates for juveniles is arrest. That arrest is considered a milder type of punishment in the punishment list than restraint can be deemed a disadvantage of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, 2001. At the same time, it is proposed to impose the so-called “youth arrest” on the juveniles of fourteen and on older ones, i.e. the service of punishment on days-off or holidays. The analysis of the system of punishments imposed on juveniles for the committed offences, which has been made in this article, shows that this system not always makes it possible to select the punishment consistent with the action committed. That is why the author has proposed to add new types of punishment to the already existing statutory system of punishments, such as obligating a juvenile to recover the caused damage or to execute certain works in favor of the affected party to compensate it for the damage caused; depriving a juvenile of the right to be engaged in certain activities; sending a juvenile to a special custodial rehabilitation center.

Window Median Filter (WMF) to Eliminate Salt and Pepper Noise from Digital Color Image

A color digital image is a very important type of digital data, and this image may be exposed to the effect of negative noise, which distorts it and changes some of its characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to search for a way to get rid of this noise. In this research paper, we an easy and flexible way to deal with salt and pepper noise will be presented tested and implemented, this method will base on selecting a window to deal with the noisy pixels based on median filter, image padding will be used to select the window with a suitable size. The practical results of the proposed method will be matched and compared with other methods used to remove noise to prove the efficiency of the proposed method for removing noise from the digital color image.

A non-field analytical method for heat transfer problems through a moving boundary

This paper presents an extension of the non-field analytical method—known as the method of Kulish—to solving heat transfer problems in domains with a moving boundary. This is an important type of problems with various applications in different areas of science. Among these are heat transfer due to chemical reactions, ignition and explosions, combustion, and many others. The general form of the non-field solution has been obtained for the case of an arbitrarily moving boundary. After that some particular cases of the solution are considered. Among them are such cases as the boundary speed changing linearly, parabolically, exponentially, and polynomially. Whenever possible, the solutions thus obtained have been compared with known solutions. The final part of the paper is devoted to determination of the front propagation law in Stefan-type problems at large times. Asymptotic solutions have been found for several important cases of the front propagation.

Chat-bot: An Information Retrieving for Myocardial Infarction and Diabetes

Medical information is being very important type for clinicians. We aim to build clinical chat-bot which holds information about diseases namely diabetes and heart diseases. Chat- bots are designed to make people feel they are interacting to a human for their related queries rather to believe for machine feelings. These chat-bot are computer program coded to build textual and conversation which are intelligent and gives us logical replies which are already learned. This research focuses to design such type of bot which act on two said major diseases so the working chat-bot will provide interaction between machine and man where machine will function as a virtual doctor here chat-bot will play a leading role by working as a virtual assistant and skipping the gap between patients and clinicians.

A theory of higher-order subtyping with type intervals

The calculus of Dependent Object Types (DOT) has enabled a more principled and robust implementation of Scala, but its support for type-level computation has proven insufficient. As a remedy, we propose F ·· ω , a rigorous theoretical foundation for Scala’s higher-kinded types. F ·· ω extends F <: ω with interval kinds , which afford a unified treatment of important type- and kind-level abstraction mechanisms found in Scala, such as bounded quantification, bounded operator abstractions, translucent type definitions and first-class subtyping constraints. The result is a flexible and general theory of higher-order subtyping. We prove type and kind safety of F ·· ω , as well as weak normalization of types and undecidability of subtyping. All our proofs are mechanized in Agda using a fully syntactic approach based on hereditary substitution.

Concept, essence, structure and types of corporate relations in joint-stock companies

This article is devoted to the analysis of the concept, essence, structure and types of corporate relations in joint-stock companies in the Russian Federation. The authors note that joint-stock companies are the most important type of corporate organizations, which account for a significant share of the country's gross domestic product.

Rhodium Catalyzed Direct Allylation of Simple Arenes by Using Gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes as Allyl Surrogates

Gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes have become an important type of allyl surrogates through transition-metal catalyzed ring-opening process, which has been demonstrated recently by various important advances especially via palladium catalysis. The versatile fluorinated allyl species generated in this way from gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes exhibit unique advantages comparing with traditional allyl sources. By using gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes as allyl surrogates, we achieved direct allylation of simple arenes via rhodium catalysis under mild conditions. This transformation enables directing-group free allylation of simple arenes including electron-neutral, -rich and -deficient ones. Herein we will give a brief introduction of this area and discuss how we thought and designed in our recent work. 1 Introduction 2 Our Design 3 Condition Optimization and Substrate Scope 4 Synthetic Applications 5 Mechanistic Discussions 6 Conclusion and Outlook

α-C(sp3)-H Arylation of Cyclic Carbonyl Compounds

Abstractα-C(sp3)-H arylation is an important type of C-H functionalization. Various biologically significant natural products, chemical intermediates, and drugs have been effectively prepared via C-H functionalization. Cyclic carbonyl compounds comprise of cyclic ketones, enones, lactones, and lactams. The α-C(sp3)-H arylation of these compounds have been exhibited high efficiency in forming C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds, played a crucial role in organic synthesis, and attracted majority of interests from organic and medicinal communities. This review focused on the most significant advances including methods, mechanism, and applications in total synthesis of natural products in the field of α-C(sp3)-H arylations of cyclic carbonyl compounds in recent years.

A Non-Field Analytical Method for Heat Transfer Problems Through A Moving Boundary

This paper presents an extension of the non-field analytical method – known as the method of Kulish – to solving heat transfer problems in domains with a moving boundary. This is an important type of problems with various applications in different areas of science. Among these are heat transfer due to chemical reactions, ignition and explosions, combustion, and many others. The general form of the non-field solution has been obtained for the case of an arbitrarily moving boundary. After that some particular cases of the solution are considered. Among them are such cases as the boundary speed changing linearly, parabolically, exponentially, and polynomially. Whenever possible, the solutions thus obtained have been compared with known solutions. The final part of the paper is devoted to determination of the front propagation law in Stefan-type problems at large times. Asymptotic solutions have been found for several important cases of the front propagation.