The case for probabilistic assertion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Moss
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Epistemic Modals ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Probabilistic Theory ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Probabilistic Beliefs

This chapter develops and defends the thesis that we can assert probabilistic contents. The chapter begins by recounting some familiar arguments against the standard view that we only ever assert propositions. A probabilistic theory of assertion is then defended with three novel arguments. These arguments are less empirical than familiar arguments against the standard view, and more foundational in character. It is argued that probabilistic contents of assertion provide a unified account of how we communicate probabilistic beliefs and full beliefs, a unified account of belief and assertion, and an adequate account of how probabilistic beliefs can figure in joint reasoning and guide our collective actions. The chapter concludes with some remarks about probabilistic models of communication, as well as remarks about the conclusions that we should draw from contemporary debates about the semantics of epistemic modals.

Marxism and Popular Politics: The Microfoundations of Class Conflict

1989 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 163-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Little
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
Popular Politics ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Food Riots ◽  
Do So

A particularly important topic for Marxist theory is that of popular politics: the ways in which the underclasses of society express their interests and values through collective action. Classical Marxism postulates a fundamental conflict of interest among classes. It holds that exploited classes will come to an accurate assessment of their class interests, and will engage in appropriate collective actions to secure those interests. The result is a predicted variety of forms of underclass collective action: boycotts, rent strikes, tax and food riots, rebellion, and revolution. Underclass members of society instigate and support such protests because it is in their material class interest to do so. It will emerge, however, that this account is too schematic to provide a basis for explanation of popular politics. The microfoundations approach to Marxist theory will prove useful in this context because it directs us to some of the resources needed to provide a more adequate account of popular collective action.

scholarly journals Epistemic Modals and Alternative Possibilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Turri
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Modals ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Quantification Theory ◽  
Epistemic Modal ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Ordinary Meaning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Available Information

Indicative judgments pertain to what is true. Epistemic modal judgments pertain to what must or might be true relative to a body of information. A standard view is that epistemic modals implicitly quantify over alternative possibilities, or ways things could turn out. On this view, a proposition must be true just in case it is true in all the possibilities consistent with the available information, and a proposition might be true just in case it is true in at least one possibility consistent with the available information. I report three experiments testing this view of epistemic modals. The results show that although modal judgments are sensitive to information about alternative possibilities, the standard quantification theory mischaracterizes the ordinary meaning of modals. I then report two more experiments testing the hypothesis that epistemic modals express willingness to attribute knowledge based on the available information. The results support this hypothesis. The results also show that the difference between “inside” and “outside” probabilistic information, familiar from the judgment and decision-making literature, affects epistemic modal judgments.

scholarly journals The restrictor view, without covert modals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivano Ciardelli
Keyword(s):  
State Parameter ◽  
Epistemic Modals ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Plausible Assumption ◽  
Information State ◽  
General Account

AbstractThe view that if-clauses function semantically as restrictors is widely regarded as the only candidate for a fully general account of conditionals. The standard implementation of this view assumes that, where no operator to be restricted is in sight, if-clauses restrict covert epistemic modals. Stipulating such modals, however, lacks independent motivation and leads to wrong empirical predictions. In this paper I provide a theory of conditionals on which if-clauses are uniformly interpreted as restrictors, but no covert modals are postulated. Epistemic if-clauses, like those in bare conditionals, restrict an information state parameter which is used to interpret an expressive layer of the language. I show that this theory yields an attractive account of bare and overtly modalized conditionals and solves various empirical problems for the standard view, while dispensing with its less plausible assumption.

From universalism to individualism: New approaches to economic growth analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-126
Author(s):  
Ivan L. Lyubimov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Catching Up

This paper examines the evolution of academic and applied approaches to analyze the problem of economic growth since the mid-XX century. For quite an extended period of time, these views were corresponding to universalist economic policies taking no adequate account of particularities and limitations that a certain catching-up economy embodied. New approaches analyzing the problems of economic growth, on the contrary, individualize growth diagnostics, structural transformation and the organization of reforms processes for the emerging economies. We argue that individualist approaches might be potentially more effective than the universalist ones for solving the problem of slow economic growth.

Management of Economics and State "Bottom"

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 76-91
Author(s):  
E. D. Solozhentsev
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Special Software ◽  
Human Quality ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The scientific problem of economics “Managing the quality of human life” is formulated on the basis of artificial intelligence, algebra of logic and logical-probabilistic calculus. Managing the quality of human life is represented by managing the processes of his treatment, training and decision making. Events in these processes and the corresponding logical variables relate to the behavior of a person, other persons and infrastructure. The processes of the quality of human life are modeled, analyzed and managed with the participation of the person himself. Scenarios and structural, logical and probabilistic models of managing the quality of human life are given. Special software for quality management is described. The relationship of human quality of life and the digital economy is examined. We consider the role of public opinion in the management of the “bottom” based on the synthesis of many studies on the management of the economics and the state. The bottom management is also feedback from the top management.

The Relationship between the Development of Human Capital and the Agricultural Economy in Rural Areas

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
B.A. Voronin ◽  
◽  
I.P. Chupina ◽  
Ya.V. Voronina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Household Factors ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The Relationship

The article discusses a non-standard view of the formation of human capital for work in organizations of the agricultural sector of the economy, in the context of modern socio-economic transformations. In the classical sense, human capital for agriculture should be formed and developed in rural areas. But in real life, this is not always the case, because there are many factors that prevent the classical solution of this problem. First, the demographic factor affects, second, social and household factors, and third, in many rural areas there are no working agricultural organizations where qualified agricultural specialists can work. All these and other circumstances actualize the problem of the quality of human capital in rural areas in relation to the development of agricultural production.

Vector data contrast based on probabilistic theory and compound criteria

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 2602-2604
Author(s):  
Shun-ping ZHOU ◽  
Huai-ying LIU
Keyword(s):  
Vector Data ◽  
Probabilistic Theory
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document