scholarly journals Epistemic Modals and Alternative Possibilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Turri
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Modals ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Quantification Theory ◽  
Epistemic Modal ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Ordinary Meaning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Available Information

Indicative judgments pertain to what is true. Epistemic modal judgments pertain to what must or might be true relative to a body of information. A standard view is that epistemic modals implicitly quantify over alternative possibilities, or ways things could turn out. On this view, a proposition must be true just in case it is true in all the possibilities consistent with the available information, and a proposition might be true just in case it is true in at least one possibility consistent with the available information. I report three experiments testing this view of epistemic modals. The results show that although modal judgments are sensitive to information about alternative possibilities, the standard quantification theory mischaracterizes the ordinary meaning of modals. I then report two more experiments testing the hypothesis that epistemic modals express willingness to attribute knowledge based on the available information. The results support this hypothesis. The results also show that the difference between “inside” and “outside” probabilistic information, familiar from the judgment and decision-making literature, affects epistemic modal judgments.

Pengembangan Marketing Knowledge Ditengah Perbedaan Perspektif Akademisi-Praktisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Amin Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Theory Development ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Customer Focus ◽  
Marketing Practice ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Difference

Knowledge is created and learned by academicians for the purpose of further theory development. Academician’role in disseminating knowldege is very important. To reach a convergent understanding both theory and practice, it’s a need of flexibility between methodology and sources of data so that it stimulates actionable insight.One of the problems between theory and practice differencesis customers focus.For practicians customer focus raised three foundamentals questions: can the knowledge phylosophy reduce cost?. Can the knowledge phylosophy increse sales?, and can the knowledge phylosophy increase the profit?. This paper discuss the development of marketing knowledge based on the marketing practice to bridge the gap between academicians and practicians. Issues being discussed in this paper are the meaning of marketing knowledge from practician perspective, the theory of marketing in practician’s world, actionable research as the bridge of knowledge development, and the difference perspective between academician and parctician.

scholarly journals Гермотим из Клазомен и начало афинской философии

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
О.А. Матвейчев
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Classical Greek Philosophy ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Greek World

Гермотим из Клазомен – фигура в истории греческой философии, можно сказать, маргинальная. В современной литературе он появляется разве что в ряду других колдунов и мистиков VII–VI вв. до н.э. В таком статусе он включается и в собрание Дильса. Анализируя сведения о Гермотиме, автор ставит перед собой цель найти ему место среди малоазийских философов первой величины, которых считают основателями греческой философии. Различение духа (души) и материи (тела) станет основополагающим принципом греческой философии, понятие Ума (нуса) выступит фундаментом для системы Анаксагора, первого афинского философа, с которого, собственно, и начнется история классической греческой философии. Автор разделяет точку зрения Э. Доддса и др., что появление нового для Греции представления о различии души и тела коренится в северной (гиперборейской?) ментальности, привнесенной в греческий мир во времена колонизации VII–VI вв. до н.э., а возможно – и в более ранние. Ключевые слова: история философии, Древняя Греция, Гиперборея, Гермотим из Клазомен, Анаксагор, шаманизм, нус, душа, тело Hermotimus of Clazomenae can be called a marginal figure in the history of Greek philosophy. In modern literature he is mentioned only among other sorcerers and mystics of the VIIth–VIth centuries BC. The collection of Hermann Diels describes him in the same manner. Analyzing available information about Hermotimus, the author makes an attempt to place him among the primary Anatolian philosophers who are considered the founders of Greek philosophy. The distinction between spirit (soul) and matter (body) will become the fundamental principle of Greek philosophy; the concept of Nous (cosmic Mind) will be the foundation for the system of Anaxagoras, the first Athenian philosopher, from which, in fact, the history of classical Greek philosophy begins. The author shares the point of view of E. Dodds and others that the emergence of a new concept about the difference between soul and body in Greece is rooted in the northern (Hyperborean?) mentality introduced into the Greek world during the colonization of the VIIth–VIth centuries BC or possibly in earlier times. Keywords: history of philosophy, Ancient Greece, Hyperborea, Hermotimus of Clazomenae, Anaxagoras, shamanism, nous, soul, body

scholarly journals The Effect of Probabilistic Information on Threshold Forecasts

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Joslyn ◽  
Karla Pak ◽  
David Jones ◽  
John Pyles ◽  
Earl Hunt
Keyword(s):  
General Tendency ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Winds ◽  
Very High

Abstract The study reported here asks whether the use of probabilistic information indicating forecast uncertainty improves the quality of deterministic weather decisions. Participants made realistic wind speed forecasts based on historical information in a controlled laboratory setting. They also decided whether it was appropriate to post an advisory for winds greater than 20 kt (10.29 m s−1) during the same time intervals and in the same geographic locations. On half of the forecasts each participant also read a color-coded chart showing the probability of winds greater than 20 kt. Participants had a general tendency to post too many advisories in the low probability situations (0%–10%) and too few advisories in very high probability situations (90%–100%). However, the probability product attenuated these biases. When participants used the probability product, they posted fewer advisories when the probability of high winds was low and they posted more advisories when the probability of high winds was high. The difference was due to the probability product alone because the within-subjects design and counterbalancing of forecast dates ruled out alternative explanations. The data suggest that the probability product improved threshold forecast decisions.

The Role of Social Media in the Knowledge-Based Organizations

2014 ◽  
pp. 254-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kijpokin Kasemsap
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Knowledge Integration ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Business Environments ◽  
Growth Firms ◽  
The Difference ◽  
External Sources Of Knowledge

This chapter introduces the role of Social Media (SM) in Knowledge-Based Organizations (KBOs), thus explaining the concept of KBOs, the difference between KBOs and non-KBOs, the concept of Knowledge Management (KM), the concept of SM, the importance of SM to KBOs, the application of SM in the KBOs, and the challenges of SM in the KBOs. This chapter explains the significance of SM for organizational development and adaptation to the business architecture in order to create knowledge integration environment in the KBOs. SM enables the creation of knowledge value chain to customize information and delivery for a technological business growth. Firms need to be connected to their technological business environment through SM because interacting with external sources of knowledge can effectively improve their capabilities about industry benchmark and competitive advantage. Understanding the role of SM in the KBOs will significantly enhance the organizational performance and achieve business goals in the global business environments.

Epistemic Containment

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai von Fintel ◽  
Sabine Iatridou
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Modals ◽  
Epistemic Modal ◽  
Quantifier Phrases

This article concerns a new constraint on the interaction of quantifier phrases and epistemic modals. It is argued that QPs cannot bind their traces across an epistemic modal, though it is shown that scoping mechanisms of a different nature are permitted to cross epistemic modals. The nature and source of this constraint are investigated.

scholarly journals The Syrian Golden Hamster: A Model for the Cardiomyopathy of Friedreich's Ataxia

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Azari ◽  
T. Reisine ◽  
A. Barbeau ◽  
H.I. Yamamura ◽  
R. Huxtable
Keyword(s):  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Friedreich’S Ataxia ◽  
Friedreich's Ataxia ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Receptor Density ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Whole Heart ◽  
Available Information

SummaryIn light of the available information on the cardiomyopathy of Friedreich's ataxia, the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster may be an appropriate laboratory model. Cardiomyopathy in these animals is a result of calcium accumulation. We analyzed the atria and right and left ventricles from cardiomyopathic (CM) and random bred (RB) animals for calcium, magnesium, and iron concentrations at 30-40 and 60-70 days of age (age of maximum lesioning). There are no significant differences in the concentration of iron or magnesium among age-matched groups. The concentration of calcium in the left ventricles of the CM animals at 60 days old is 14 fold higher than that of R B animals. Although there is a significant difference in the concentration of calcium in the left ventricles of younger animals, it is not as pronounced as the difference in older animals. Analysis of the taurine concentration in 30-40 day old animals revealed that the CM animals show slightly higher taurine concentrations than RB in the whole heart. In 60 day old CM hamsters the ß-adrenergic receptor density of the ventricles is unchanged. This indicates that calcium overload is not due to a drene rg i c super sensitivity.

scholarly journals Hybrid POI Recommendation System for Tourism

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Monishkanna Barathan ◽  
Ershad Sharifahmadian
Keyword(s):  
Recommendation System ◽  
Recommendation Systems ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Poi Recommendation ◽  
Information Finding ◽  
Hybrid Recommender ◽  
Available Information

Due to the increase in amount of available information, finding places and planning of the activities to be done during a tour can be strenuous. Tourists are looking for information about a place in which they have not been before, which worsen the selection of places that fit better with user’s preferences. Recommendation systems have been fundamentally applicable in tourism, suggest suitable places, and effectively prune large information from different locations, so tourists are directed toward those places where are matched with their needs and preferences. Several techniques have been studied for point-of-interest (POI) recommendation, including content-based which builds based on user preferences, collaborative filtering which exploits the behavior of other users, and different places, knowledge-based method, and several other techniques. These methods are vulnerable to some limitations and shortcomings related to recommendation environment such as scalability, sparsity, first-rater or gray sheep problems. This paper tries to identify the drawbacks that prevent wide spread use of these methodologies in recommendation. To improve performance of recommendation systems, these methods are combined to form hybrid recommenders. This paper proposes a novel hybrid recommender system which suggests tourism destinations to a user with minimal user interaction. Furthermore, we use sentiment analysis of user’s comments to enhance the efficiency of the proposed system.

scholarly journals Conservation tourism as a strategy to promote the conservation of biodiversity among BRICS countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oldemar de Oliveira Carvalho-Junior ◽  
Minal Desai
Keyword(s):  
Current Data ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Available Information

This work aims to discuss tourism among BRICS members, especially between Brazil and India, considering the pandemic caused by COVID-19 and how tourism can help overcome this crisis, promoting biodiversity conservation among member countries. Historical and current data from official international sources, in Brazil and India's government, were obtained and analyzed to create an overview of the current status of tourism among BRICS countries. India represents only 15% of the total tourists who come to Brazil. In Santa Catarina, an important tourist destination in southern Brazil, in 2018, only 56 tourists came from Russia, 39 from China, 32 from India, and 25 from South Africa. As a consequence of COVID-19, tourism will likely have to reinvent itself or, at least, be aware of other windows of opportunity for its survival and growth. As a result, experiential tourism, such as conservation tourism, is expected to consolidate more strongly. Conservation tourism, an innovative proposal, can be defined as the tourism segment that uses natural and cultural heritage, through a socio-environmental research project, with the participation of ecovolunteers, promoting the social entrepreneurship of the communities involved, focused on the experience and learning in protected areas, contributing to their planning, use, sustainability, and conservation, with social responsibility. The difference between conservation tourism and ecotourism is that conservation tourism generates information, unlike ecotourism, which uses available information. This type of tourism, conservation, and community base, with research and education bias, can represent an essential agenda of approximation between the BRICS countries. The definition of a cooperation agenda can be fundamental to promote conservation tourism while helping to protect biodiversity, generating jobs, and being a source of income for the communities involved.

scholarly journals Iranian Students’ Experience of K-12 and Higher Education: Use of Drawings to Convey the Difference Between Ideals and Reality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Tohidian ◽  
Abbas Abbaspour ◽  
Ali Khorsandi Taskoh
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Educational Decisions ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Phenomenological Research Design ◽  
Iranian Students ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Illusion Of Knowing ◽  
Available Information

The focus of education during K-12 and Higher Education (HE) in Iran is on theoretical empowerment of students; therefore, our students get an illusion of knowing. In fact, what happens is not learning and understanding; rather, it is verbatim transfer of available information in the textbooks into the students’ minds. It might be because the students and teachers (as the main stakeholders of the education) are the least powerful parties within the pyramid of power amongst educational practitioners and policymakers. It means their voice, feedback, needs, and ideologies have no place in the educational decisions and policies. In alignment with the mainstream of the present research; it is an innovative idea to explore the students’ living/ studying experience during K-12, and their ideals and expectations from higher education studies. To do so, we asked 60 university students to portray their experience (in a phenomenological research design) concerning living and studying through K-12 and their ideals and expectations from Higher Education. Students’ drawings are the main source of data collection and inductive analysis of data is administered to find students’ responses which are categorized under three major and six minor themes, respectively.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic: Is Chronic Inflammation a Major Cause of Death?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albina Tskhay ◽  
Alena Yezhova ◽  
Kenneth Alibek
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Available Information

Abstract Background. Today humanity is facing another infectious threat: a newly emerging virus SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. It was already described that COVID-19 mortality among elderly people and people with such underlying conditions as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes s increased. Dysregulation of the immune responses vital for antiviral defense, which are typical for chronic inflammation, led us to a hypothesis that chronic inflammation is the main risk factor for increased susceptibility and mortality from COVID-19. Method. Based on the available information for 126 countries, statistical analysis to find out whether the difference in incidence and mortality within countries can be explained by the existing chronic inflammation among the countries population, was conducted. Results. A positive correlation between the percentage of people dying from chronic noncommunicable diseases and COVID-19 incidence (p<0.001) and mortality (p<0.001) within countries. Conclusion. The problem of COVID-19-caused high mortality rate may be a consequence of the high number of people having chronic low-grade inflammation as a precondition, and thus, one of the potential ways to reduce risk of morbidity and mortality is to focus on this widespread health problem, mainly occurring in developed countries and to take corresponding diagnostic, preventative, and treatment measures.

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