Knowing Other Minds

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Other Minds ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The essays in this volume are concerned with the question of how we are to understand the foundations of our capacity to know and understand others. While the essays address issues that have long puzzled philosophers, they also engage with more contemporary issues generated by recent empirical work in the cognitive sciences. The first two essays focus on more general concerns. They tease out various questions that have been asked in connection with others, and consider how they may be thought to be related to one another. The three chapters that follow explore some of the issues that arise when one examines questions concerning others in the light of evidence from the empirical sciences. One chapter looks at the claim that there is an asymmetry between the way in which we know our own mind and the ways in which we know other minds, another looks at when and how human infants come to know that others have minds, and the third looks at the role played by context in our acquiring knowledge of others. The third group of chapters examines the suggestion, popular in more recent times, that one comes to know the mind of others in much the same way that one comes to know about the world of bodies—through perception. The volume ends with a chapter that considers the impact on our thinking about morality of a certain way of understanding our relations to others. All the essays in this volume are newly written by internationally renowned researchers and are designed to advance our understanding of ourselves as social creatures.

scholarly journals The Theory of Thinking and the Capacity to Mentalize: A Comparison of Fonagy's and Bion's Models

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Mantilla Lagos
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Developmental Line ◽  
The Way

This paper presents a comparison of two psychoanalytic models of how human beings learn to use their mental capacities to know meaningfully about the world. The first, Fonagy's model of mentalization, is concerned with the development of a self capable of reflecting upon its own and others' mental states, based on feelings, thoughts, intentions, and desires. The other, Bion's model of thinking, is about the way thoughts are dealt with by babies, facilitating the construction of a thinking apparatus within a framework of primitive ways of communication between mother and baby. The theories are compared along three axes: (a) an axis of the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of the models; (b) an axis of the kind of evidence that supports them; and (c) the third axis of the technical implications of the ideas of each model. It is concluded that, although the models belong to different theoretical and epistemological traditions and are supported by different sorts of evidence, they may be located along the same developmental line using an intersubjective framework that maintains tension between the intersubjective and the intrapsychic domains of the mind.

Jurassic Park

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Steven Spielberg ◽  
The Third ◽  
Close Encounters ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

‘Constellations: Jurassic Park’ explores how Steven Spielberg used the film to investigate several key themes that have been important to him across his career. These themes are: nature and humankind’s relationship with it, the importance of cinematic fantasy and how it shapes our view of the world, and the impact of toxic masculinity on both men and women. The book also looks at how Spielberg blends genres across his career as a whole and Jurassic Park specifically. This is particularly true of the science fiction and horror genres, which are used in Jurassic Park to create a film that is both cathartically scary and thematically satisfying. These points are contextualised within the wider scope of Spielberg’s life and career to understand how Jurassic Park acted as bridging point between the light entertainments he had been known for up to that point (Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, for example) and the more serious filmmaking he focused on after its release (Saving Private Ryan and Lincoln).

Transformation Opportunities Toward Knowledge-Based Urban Development and Its Challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Aly Abdel Razek Galaby
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
The World ◽  
Push Forward ◽  
Impact Assessment Methodology ◽  
The Impact

The current research discusses opportunities and challenges of knowledge-based urban development in Egypt, aims to monitor the actual opportunities provided by Egyptian policies for knowledge-based urban development, and highlights their most important challenges. The research relied on the impact assessment methodology, the opinion of some experts, analyzing secondary data, literature review, and statistical reports to track the paths of changes in knowledge-based development policies and their applications during the third millennium to reveal the most important challenges and constraints facing the experiences of knowledge cities and its precincts in the Egyptian society. The research concluded some recommendations to confront these challenges and push forward toward strengthening knowledge-based urban development in Egypt, based on what came from critical review f literature, theoretical perspectives, and policies and experiences of many countries of the world in this field.

Contemporary Echoes of the World Soul

2021 ◽  
pp. 320-342
Author(s):  
Valia Allori
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Hard Problem ◽  
Quantum Theories ◽  
The World ◽  
The Hard Problem ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Way

Quantum mechanics is a groundbreaking theory: it not only is extraordinarily empirically adequate but also is claimed to having shattered the classical paradigm of understanding the observer-observed distinction as well as the part-whole relation. This, together with other quantum features, has been taken to suggest that quantum theory can help one understand the mind-body relation in a unique way, in particular to solve the hard problem of consciousness along the lines of panpsychism. In this chapter, after having briefly presented panpsychism, Valia Allori discusses the main features of quantum theories and the way in which the main quantum theories of consciousness use them to account for conscious experience.

Sorting Out the Plague

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Robert N. Wiedenmann ◽  
J. Ray Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Disease Reservoirs ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the complex interactions among mammal hosts, insect vectors, bacteria and even amoebae implicated in the movement of the plague around the world. As it shows, trying to find the cause for the three plague pandemics is similar to the way a television detective solves a murder mystery. While the third pandemic established the roles of rats, rat fleas, and bacteria, that explanation has been incorrectly applied to explain the first two pandemics. The chapter shows how bacterial DNA collected from the teeth of 6th-Century plague victims, exhumed 1,400 years later, established greater understanding of the rate and geographic extent of the plague's spread. It goes on to relate how the age-old conclusions that brown rats were disease reservoirs and their fleas were vectors have been reconsidered, assigning rats and fleas specific roles and recognizing that humans and human lice as host and vector are more consistent with the plague’s rapid spread. Using clues from hosts and vectors to solve the mystery requires investigators to be like detectives.

Projectivism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Propensity ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Way

‘Projectivism’ is used of philosophies that agree with Hume that ‘the mind has a great propensity to spread itself on the world’, that what is in fact an aspect of our own experience or of our own mental organization is treated as a feature of the objective order of things. Such philosophies distinguish between nature as it really is, and nature as we experience it as being. The way we experience it as being is thought of as partly a reflection or projection of our own natures. The projectivist might take as a motto the saying that beauty lies in the eye of the beholder, and seeks to develop the idea and explore its implications. The theme is a constant in the arguments of the Greek sceptics, and becomes almost orthodox in the modern era. In Hume it is not only beauty that lies in the eye (or mind) of the beholder, but also virtue, and causation. In Kant the entire spatio-temporal order is not read from nature, but read into it as a reflection of the organization of our minds. In the twentieth century it has been especially non-cognitive and expressivist theories of ethics that have adopted the metaphor, it being fairly easy to see how we might externalize or project various sentiments and attitudes onto their objects. But causation, probability, necessity, the stances we take towards each other as persons, even the temporal order of events and the simplicity of scientific theory have also been candidates for projective treatment.

Industrialization and The Family1

2018 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Richard M. Titmuss
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores how there are at least three reasons why industrialization and the family is today an important subject for debate by an international conference of social workers. The first is an obvious one: the opportunities that it offers for discussion and analysis on a comparative basis. The second lies in the fact that the world is increasingly an industrial world and dominated in its values and goals by problems of economic growth. The third reason in supporting the choice of this particular subject for discussion is that social work is primarily an activity carried on in industrial, urban societies. The problems of human needs and relationships with which social work has traditionally been associated have had their origin in those societies experiencing the impact of industrialization.

scholarly journals Modelling ecological systems in a changing world

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1586) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Ecological Modelling ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Future State ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The world is changing at an unprecedented rate. In such a situation, we need to understand the nature of the change and to make predictions about the way in which it might affect systems of interest; often we may also wish to understand what might be done to mitigate the predicted effects. In ecology, we usually make such predictions (or forecasts) by making use of mathematical models that describe the system and projecting them into the future, under changed conditions. Approaches emphasizing the desirability of simple models with analytical tractability and those that use assumed causal relationships derived statistically from data currently dominate ecological modelling. Although such models are excellent at describing the way in which a system has behaved, they are poor at predicting its future state, especially in novel conditions. In order to address questions about the impact of environmental change, and to understand what, if any, action might be taken to ameliorate it, ecologists need to develop the ability to project models into novel, future conditions. This will require the development of models based on understanding the processes that result in a system behaving the way it does, rather than relying on a description of the system, as a whole, remaining valid indefinitely.

scholarly journals The foundational problem of logic

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gila Sher
Keyword(s):  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Philosophical Foundation ◽  
Formal Aspect ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Normativity Of Logic ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Foundational Problem ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe construction of a systematic philosophical foundation for logic is a notoriously difficult problem. In Part One I suggest that the problem is in large part methodological, having to do with the common philosophical conception of “providing a foundation”. I offer an alternative to the common methodology which combines a strong foundational requirement (veridical justification) with the use of non-traditional, holistic tools to achieve this result. In Part Two I delineate an outline of a foundation for logic, employing the new methodology. The outline is based on an investigation of why logic requires a veridical justification, i.e., a justification which involves the world and not just the mind, and what features or aspect of the world logic is grounded in. Logic, the investigation suggests, is grounded in the formal aspect of reality, and the outline proposes an account of this aspect, the way it both constrains and enables logic (gives rise to logical truths and consequences), logic's role in our overall system of knowledge, the relation between logic and mathematics, the normativity of logic, the characteristic traits of logic, and error and revision in logic.

Periodizing Classic Noir

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Miklitsch
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This concluding chapter traces the history of classic noir by reflecting on the way in which the genre has been discursively constituted through its beginnings and endings, an act of periodization that typically entails nominating particular films as the first and last noir in order to differentiate the intervening films from, respectively, proto- and neo-noir. While the recent interest in Stranger on the Third Floor (1940) is one sign that Boris Ingster's film has supplanted The Maltese Falcon (1941) as the first, titular American noir, recent transnational readings of the genre have problematized the reflexive determination of classic noir as a strictly American phenomenon. In fact, the impact of Odds against Tomorrow (1959) on transnational neo-noir indicates that the end or terminus of the classical era is just as provisional—just as open to interpretation and therefore, revision—as its origin.

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