A Single Shot at Salmonella typhi: A New Typhoid Vaccine With Pediatric Advantages

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-350
Author(s):  
Breese Hall
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
The Third ◽  
Typhoid Vaccines ◽  
Virulence Antigen

A new typhoid vaccine has just been licensed, which is the third typhoid vaccine available in the United States.1,2 Since publication of the 1994 Red Book occurred before licensure, this new vaccine is not included. The recommendations concerning the two previously licensed typhoid vaccines in the 1994 Red Book remain unchanged.3 The new vaccine, Typhoid Vi, is manufactured by Pasteur Mérieux (Marnes-La-Coquette, France). This parenteral vaccine is composed of the purified Vi (virulence) antigen, which is the capsular polysaccharide (ViCPS) of Salmonella typhi. The two previously licensed typhoid vaccines are an oral live-attenuated vaccine, the Ty21a vaccine, manufactured by the Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute, and the parenteral heat-phenol-inactivated vaccine (Berne, Switzerland), manufactured by Wyeth-Ayerst, which has been available for many years.

Different Types of Vaccines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. William Tong
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Viral Vaccines ◽  
Enteric Coated ◽  
Vi Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
The Uk

Vaccines can be classified according to their nature into the following types: ● Inactivated vaccines: ■ Whole organism; ■ Acellular extracts. ● Live attenuated vaccines. ● Toxoid vaccines. ● Subunit vaccines. ● Conjugate vaccines. ● DNA vaccines. ● Recombinant vector vaccines. Inactivation of the whole organism is the most basic form of vaccine produced by killing the micro-organism causing the disease using heat, chemical or radiation and presents all the antigens in the inactivated organism as a vaccine to induce immunity in the recipient. Other methods to produce an inactivated vaccine is by extracting acellular components of the organism through filtration. Examples of inactivated bacterial vaccines currently in use include: ● Anthrax—sterile filtrate from cultures of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis. ● Cholera—oral inactivated vaccine with 1mg of recombinant cholera toxin B (rCTB) in a liquid suspension of four strains of killed V. cholerae O1, representing subtypes Inaba and Ogawa and biotypes El Tor and classical. ● Pertussis—acellular vaccine has replaced previously used whole cell vaccine. ● Typhoid—purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from S. typhi; NB: the injectable, killed, whole-cell typhoid vaccine which contains heat-inactivated, phenol-preserved S. typhi organisms is no longer in use in the UK. Examples of inactivated viral vaccines currently in use in the UK include: ● Hepatitis A virus. ● Hepatitis E virus. ● Influenza A and B viruses. ● Japanese encephalitis virus. ● Polio viruses 1, 2, and 3 (IPV). ● Rabies virus. ● Tick-borne encephalitis virus. ● Bacterial vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis derived from a Mycobacterium bovis strain. The oral typhoid vaccine contains a live attenuated strain of S. typhi (Ty21a) in an enteric-coated capsule. ● Viral vaccines: The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine contain live attenuated strains of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses, which are cultured separately and mixed before being lyophilized. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) against polio viruses 1, 2, and 3—OPV contains live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus types 1, 2, and 3 grown in cell cultures.

Typhoid VI: A Less Reactogenic Vaccine

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
N S Cumberland ◽  
J St Clair Roberts ◽  
W S G Arnold ◽  
R K Patel ◽  
C H Bowker
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Vi Capsular Polysaccharide

A typhoid vaccine derived from the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigen of Salmonella typhi was compared with a heat-killed whole-cell typhoid vaccine in 637 healthy male volunteers. The individuals were placed in three groups: group 1 received two doses of heat-killed whole-cell typhoid vaccine, at an interval of 28 days; group 2 received a single dose of typhoid Vi CPS vaccine followed after 28 days by water for injection; and group 3 received water for injection on the first occasion and a single dose of typhoid Vi CPS vaccine 28 days later. Local and systemic adverse reactions were recorded for 5 days following each injection. Subjects receiving the typhoid Vi CPS vaccine complained of fewer local adverse reactions on each of the first 3 days following immunization: on day 1, 18.6% of subjects given typhoid Vi CPS vaccine reported local reactions compared with 59.7% of those receiving heat-killed whole-cell vaccine ( P < 0.001). The percentage of subjects receiving the heat-killed whole-cell vaccine who complained of systemic reactions was more than twice that of subjects receiving the Vi CPS vaccine (7.9% and 3.4%, respectively, on day 1; P < 0.01).

Submit Manuscript | http://medc rav eonline.co m Introduction Colorectal adenocarcinoma is the third most common malignant neoplasia and the third leading cause of death from cancer in men and women in the United States. Current data show that the incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma is decreasing in developed countries but increasing in developing countries. 1 The 2018 estimates of the Bra - zilian National Cancer Institute (Instituto Nacional do Câncer–INCA) were 17,380 new cases in men and 18,980 in women, making col - orectal adenocarcinoma the third most common neoplasia in men and the second most common in women in Brazil. 2 In the past 15 years, rectal cancer management has evolved in several aspects. Specifical - ly, a better understanding of the natural history of the disease, more precise radiological staging, multimodal therapeutic intervention, refined surgical techniques, and more detailed histopathological re - ports may have positively influenced patient survival. In this context, multidisciplinary management of colorectal cancer plays an important role and requires the coordinated teamwork of colorectal surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, and radiotherapists. 3 Total mesorectal exci - sion is still the basis of treatment in rectal cancer. However, neoadju - vant therapy and more conservative practices have been adopted in cases of clinical/pathological responses to radiochemotherapy. 4 Ra - diological evaluation of the response is of paramount importance for the selection of patients eligible for alternative treatment strategies, including ‘watch-and-wait’. Diffusion-weighted imaging is already being used routinely in the evaluation of the pathological response of rectal tumour patients submitted to neoadjuvant therapy. Some re - searchers have tried to estimate the tumour regression grade (TRG) using magnetic resonance imaging, as has been described for post-ra - diochemotherapy pathological evaluation, thus rendering it a valuable instrument. Considering the good results obtained with multimodal therapy in extraperitoneal rectal cancer, the evaluation of the pathological re - sponse post-neoadjuvant therapy must be considered as a factor for safe indication, both for the conservative option, in which the organ is preserved, and for radical surgical resection, influencing the choice between sphincter-preserving surgery and abdominoperineal excision. A precise evaluation, by comparing the results of post-neoadjuvant therapy magnetic resonance imaging with those obtained from his - Int J Radiol Radiat Ther. 2018;5(4):254 ‒ 258. 254 © 2018 Oliveira et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Magnetic resonance imaging is effective in assessing tumour regression after neoadjuvancy in rectal adenocarcinoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Henrique de Oliveira ◽  
Antônio Lacerda-Filho ◽  
Fábio Lopes de Queiroz ◽  
Tatiana Martins Gomide Leite ◽  
Paulo Guilherme Oliveira Sales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Neoadjuvant Therapy ◽  
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tumour Regression ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
The Third

Educational Entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu - A Profile

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siluvai Raja
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Education System ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

Education has been considered as an indispensable asset of every individual, community and nation today. Indias higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United States (World Bank). Tamil Nadu occupies the first place in terms of possession of higher educational institutions in the private sector in the country with over 46 percent(27) universities, 94 percent(464) professional colleges and 65 percent(383) arts and science colleges(2011). Studies to understand the profile of the entrepreneurs providing higher education either in India or Tamil Nadu were hardly available. This paper attempts to map the demographic profile of the entrepreneurs providing higher education in Arts and Science colleges in Tamil Nadu through an empirical analysis, carried out among 25 entrepreneurs spread across the state. This paper presents a summary of major inferences of the analysis.

Selznick beyond Hollywood

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Platte
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Third ◽  
Farewell To Arms

Selznick’s co-productions with elite European filmmakers contrast noticeably with his Hollywood work. The Third Man’s hyper-stylized cinematography and solo zither score by Anton Karas resemble no other Selznick film, partly because Selznick’s role was much reduced. But with subsequent European co-productions the producer sought to reinsert himself into the music. This chapter traces these battles as they unfolded on the soundtrack, with Selznick reasserting his creative voice through re-edited versions distributed only in the United States. Most striking is the case of Stazione Termini, which Selznick released as Indiscretion of an American Wife. With Alessandro Cicognini’s score re-edited by Audray Granville, music in the new version does different work from its cinematic sibling. In his final productions, including Mario Nascimbene’s music for A Farewell to Arms, Selznick’s use of music to structure narrative and develop commercial appeal re-emerges as one of the producer’s greatest priorities.

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