Against the Metaphysical Transparency of Semantic Adicity

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Referring Expressions

The argument of previous chapters is generalized from referring expressions to argument-taking expressions more generally. The focus is on potential mismatches between what I call the semantic (and syntactic) adicity of argument-taking linguistic expressions and the objective or metaphysical adicity of real-world properties and relations. Two main arguments are offered, the argument from underarticulation and the argument from cross-linguistic variation. It is argued that where there are such mismatches, we should not expect a priori semantic analysis to be a reliable guide to bridging such gaps and so should not expect a priori semantic analysis to reveal much about the metaphysical adicity of real-world properties, events, states, and relations.

Semantic Analysis of Bloggers Experiences as a Knowledge Source of Average Human Morality

2015 ◽  
pp. 73-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafal Rzepka ◽  
Kenji Araki
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Real World ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Knowledge Source ◽  
The Real ◽  
Long Run

This chapter introduces an approach and methods for creating a system that refers to human experiences and thoughts about these experiences in order to ethically evaluate other parties', and in a long run, its own actions. It is shown how applying text mining techniques can enrich machine's knowledge about the real world and how this knowledge could be helpful in the difficult realm of moral relativity. Possibilities of simulating empathy and applying proposed methods to various approaches are introduced together with discussion on the possibility of applying growing knowledge base to artificial agents for particular purposes, from simple housework robots to moral advisors, which could refer to millions of different experiences had by people in various cultures. The experimental results show efficiency improvements when compared to previous research and also discuss the problems with fair evaluation of moral and immoral acts.

Incremental Knowledge Construction for Real-World Event Understanding

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Kamei ◽  
Yutaka Yanagisawa ◽  
Takuya Maekawa ◽  
Yasue Kishino ◽  
Yasushi Sakurai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Knowledge Construction ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Incremental Model ◽  
Proposed Model

The construction of real-world knowledge is required if we are to understand real-world events that occur in a networked sensor environment. Since it is difficult to select suitable ‘events’ for recognition in a sensor environment a priori, we propose an incremental model for constructing real-world knowledge. Labeling is the central plank of the proposed model because the model simultaneously improves both the ontology of real-world events and the implementation of a sensor system based on a manually labeled event corpus. A labeling tool is developed in accordance with the model and is evaluated in a practical labeling experiment.

Real-world evidence for U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved oncology products, 2015 to 2020.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (29_suppl) ◽  
pp. 280-280
Author(s):  
Bhakti Arondekar ◽  
Mei Sheng Duh ◽  
Rachel Bhak ◽  
Maral DerSarkissian ◽  
Lynn Huynh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Real World ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
A Priori ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Pivotal Trial ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Source Study ◽  
Clinical Trial Results

280 Background: Since the 21st Century Cures Act, there has been growing interest in using real-world evidence (RWE) to support regulatory filings for new drugs and indications. The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive source of RWE use cases of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals for oncology products. Methods: A systematic review of FDA new drug applications (NDAs) and biologics license applications (BLAs) from 1/2015-2/2020 for approved oncology products was performed. Data on the RWE study were extracted (data source, study design, statistical methods, results), and corresponding FDA comments were synthesized to identify patterns of the FDA’s review. Results: We identified 102 NDAs and BLAs, 8 (8%) of which included RWE, all post-Cures Act (see Table). RWE supporting avelumab, axicabtagene ciloleucel, and avapritinib were received positively and used by the FDA in their approval decision. RWE results were used to provide contextualization to the pivotal trial, rather than statistical comparison. Common data sources included Flatiron (38%) and chart reviews (38%). FDA critiques included lack of a priori study protocol, incomparability with the pivotal trial population and endpoints, and uncontrolled confounding. Conclusions: There have been few examples of RWE in oncology submissions, and most served to complement clinical trial results. To meet FDA standards, RWE studies should be clearly designed and discussed with the FDA and include robust methods to minimize bias. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Object Frequency and Predictability Effects on Eye Fixation Durations in Real-World Scene Viewing

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsueh-Cheng Wang ◽  
Alex D. Hwang ◽  
Marc Pomplun
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Latent Semantic Analysis ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Scene Analysis ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Scene Viewing ◽  
Direction Of Effects ◽  
Text Reading

During text reading, the durations of eye fixations decrease with greater frequency and predictability of the currently fixated word (Rayner, 1998; 2009). However, it has not been tested whether those results also apply to scene viewing. We computed object frequency and predictability from both linguistic and visual scene analysis (LabelMe, Russell et al., 2008), and Latent Semantic Analysis (Landauer et al., 1998) was applied to estimate predictability. In a scene-viewing experiment, we found that, for small objects, linguistics-based frequency, but not scene-based frequency, had effects on first fixation duration, gaze duration, and total time. Both linguistic and scene-based predictability affected total time. Similar to reading, fixation duration decreased with higher frequency and predictability. For large objects, we found the direction of effects to be the inverse of those found in reading studies. These results suggest that the recognition of small objects in scene viewing shares some characteristics with the recognition of words in reading.

scholarly journals Consensus based framework for digital mobility monitoring

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256541
Author(s):  
Felix Kluge ◽  
Silvia Del Din ◽  
Andrea Cereatti ◽  
Heiko Gaßner ◽  
Clint Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Delphi Method ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Gait Assessment ◽  
Mobility Assessment ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
Walking Performance

Digital mobility assessment using wearable sensor systems has the potential to capture walking performance in a patient’s natural environment. It enables monitoring of health status and disease progression and evaluation of interventions in real-world situations. In contrast to laboratory settings, real-world walking occurs in non-conventional environments and under unconstrained and uncontrolled conditions. Despite the general understanding, there is a lack of agreed definitions about what constitutes real-world walking, impeding the comparison and interpretation of the acquired data across systems and studies. The goal of this study was to obtain expert-based consensus on specific aspects of real-world walking and to provide respective definitions in a common terminological framework. An adapted Delphi method was used to obtain agreed definitions related to real-world walking. In an online survey, 162 participants from a panel of academic, clinical and industrial experts with experience in the field of gait analysis were asked for agreement on previously specified definitions. Descriptive statistics was used to evaluate whether consent (> 75% agreement as defined a priori) was reached. Of 162 experts invited to participate, 51 completed all rounds (31.5% response rate). We obtained consensus on all definitions (“Walking” > 90%, “Purposeful” > 75%, “Real-world” > 90%, “Walking bout” > 80%, “Walking speed” > 75%, “Turning” > 90% agreement) after two rounds. The identification of a consented set of real-world walking definitions has important implications for the development of assessment and analysis protocols, as well as for the reporting and comparison of digital mobility outcomes across studies and systems. The definitions will serve as a common framework for implementing digital and mobile technologies for gait assessment and are an important link for the transition from supervised to unsupervised gait assessment.

On More Paradigms of Steganalysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianfeng Zhao ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Haibo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
The Real ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Classifier Training ◽  
Priori Knowledge

Up to now, most researches on steganalysis concentrate on one extreme case. Typically, the a priori knowledge of the embedding way and cover-media is assumed known in the classifier training and even feature design stage. However, the steganalysis in the real world is done with different levels of such knowledge so that there can be various paradigms for doing it. Although some researchers have addressed the situations, there is still a lack of a systematic approach to defining the various paradigms. In this paper, the authors give such an approach by first defining four extreme paradigms, and then defining the rest among them. Each paradigm is related with two sets of assumed known a priori knowledge respectively about the steganographic algorithm and cover-media, and each paradigm corresponds to a particular case of steganalysis. Also we will see that different paradigms can have very different aims so that the designs may be various.

Role of real-world evidence for oncology product registration in the United States: A review of approvals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration from 2015 to 2019.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14130-e14130
Author(s):  
Bhakti Arondekar ◽  
Rachel Bhak ◽  
Maral DerSarkissian ◽  
Lynn Huynh ◽  
Kelsey Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Real World ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Drug Application ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
License Application

e14130 Background: There are few concrete examples of real world evidence (RWE) used to support clinical development in regulatory filings despite growing interest in this field. This study systematically reviewed FDA oncology approvals to identify use cases of RWE. Methods: FDA’s new drug application (NDA) and biologics license application (BLA) approvals for oncology products from 2015-2019 were systematically reviewed. Among cases with RWE, data characterizing the submission and RWE details (data source, study design, FDA comments) were synthesized. Results: 93 approved NDAs and BLAs were identified; 6 included RWE in support of efficacy (see Table), approved on or after 2017, and were largely retrospective studies that contextualized results to pivotal trial, with primary endpoints overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), and time to treatment discontinuation (TTD). Flatiron data were used in 3 of these as database analyses, 1 was an expanded access program (EAP), 1 was a meta-analysis, and 1 was a retrospective chart review. Conclusions: In the past 5 years, few FDA decisions incorporated RWE in oncology drug approvals. When used, RWE has been a complement rather than a supplement for clinical trial data. Early engagement, a priori protocol development, and robust research design (adjusting for bias, comparability to clinical trial population) remain key determinants for successful use of RWE in FDA decision making. [Table: see text]

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) among urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients treated with PD-1 VS PD-L1 inhibitors: A real-world observational study.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17017-e17017
Author(s):  
Saby George ◽  
Elizabeth Bell ◽  
Nicole Engel-Nitz ◽  
John C White ◽  
Lincy S. Lal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Real World ◽  
A Priori ◽  
P Value ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Lower Incidence Rate ◽  
Time To Onset

e17017 Background: Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents are US FDA-approved for patients with advanced or metastatic UC, but limited information exists on real world irAEs among this patient population. We examined the rates and time to onset of select irAEs in UC patients receiving PD-L1s vs PD-1s in the real world. Methods: This observational study included US commercial and Medicare Advantage health plan members from Optum Research Database with UC and treated with a PD-1 or PD-L1 agent between 01-Sep-14 and 30-Apr-19. Baseline characteristics were assessed ≤ 6-months prior to the first claim for anti-PD-1/PD-L1. 21 irAEs were chosen a priori based on the ASCO clinical guideline on irAE management, clinical input, frequency, and cost of treatment. Patients were followed for newly occurring irAEs, based on claims ICD codes, during the PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and up to 180 days after if no new treatment, study period end, death, or disenrollment. Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to calculate time to onset of irAEs. Results: The study included 240 patients receiving PD-L1s and 317 receiving PD-1s. Baseline demographics were similar (Table). The most common irAEs were 1) thyroid disorders, 2) impaired ventricular function with heart failure and vasculitis, 3) rash, and 4) nephritis. UC patients receiving PD-L1s had a lower rate of irAEs vs PD-1s, mainly driven by lower rates of hematologic and endocrine toxicities (Table). UC patients receiving a PD-L1 also had longer time to irAE onset (p-value = 0.05). Conclusions: UC patients receiving PD-L1s had a lower incidence rate of irAEs and longer time to irAE onset than patients on PD-1s. Findings suggest patients receiving PD-1s may require more intense monitoring for irAEs than patients taking PD-L1s. [Table: see text]

The Premise of Parliamentary Planning

1973 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Apter
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Real World ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
The Real ◽  
Theory Application ◽  
Sufficient Test

THE TEST OF A THEORY IS IN ITS APPLICATION. THE DIFFICULTY IS that in political theory, application is rarely a sufficient test. This is especially true of the kind of theory in which I am interested. It is abstract, highly generalized, and for this reason, tends to be illustrated by means of applications which neither prove nor disprove. A lack of clear guides for disproof is one of the more serious deficiencies of highly general theory. If that is so, what is the point of doing it? One answer is that if such theory can lead in an a priori way to logically inferred predicaments which repeat themselves in many forms in the real world, this should allow us to anticipate events. This, in turn, allows us to compare these common predicaments in diverse settings to discover the necessary and separate it from the contingent. This can represent a big step forward if it results in new types of data and different forms of linkages between variables. The ‘tests’ then are more insightful generalizations rather than ‘validations’. If such generalizations can be made subject to quantitative proof, so much the better. In any case, the route to validation is bound to be indirect. Propositions locked into a logical structure of thought will remain for long cumbersome and wearisome. Despite this, as long as not too many people waste their time with it, a general theory approach seems worth the effort.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document