scholarly journals The Scope of European Union Influence

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-182
Author(s):  
Tobias Lenz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the scope of European Union influence by combining quantitative and qualitative evidence. It argues that active and passive EU influence are likely to be discernible specifically in those regional organizations that rest on open-ended contracts because these require more frequent institutional change, multiplying opportunities for EU influence, and they allow local actors to construct similarities with the EU, thereby rendering claims for EU-type institutional more likely and more credible. The chapter probes these arguments, first, with quantitative evidence, showing descriptive associations between contractual open-endedness and both the frequency of institutional change and active EU engagement. It presents, second, a paired comparison of the establishment of a parliamentary institution in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and its non-establishment in the North American Free Trade Agreement, to show how the contractually open-ended nature of cooperation in the former facilitated EU influence while the fixed nature of the contract in the latter hampered it.

OPINION 2/15 OF THE CJEU: DELINEATING THE SCOPE OF THE NEW EU COMPETENCE IN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
Rumiana Yotova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Eu

ON 16 May 2017, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered its Opinion 2/15 concerning the competence of the EU to conclude the Free Trade Agreement with Singapore (EUSFTA) (ECLI:EU:C:2017:376). The Opinion was requested by the Commission which argued, with the support of the European Parliament (EP), that the EU had exclusive competence to conclude the EUSFTA. The Council and 25 of the Member States countered that the EUSFTA should be concluded as a mixed agreement – that is, by the EU and each of its members – because some of its provisions fell under the shared competence of the organisation or the competence of the Member States alone.

The eu-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement – A Successful Attempt to Protect Vietnam’s Environment While Pushing for Economic Integration?

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-222
Author(s):  
Heidi Stockhaus
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Successful Attempt ◽  
Trade And Investment ◽  
The Eu

The new free trade agreement with the European Union will bring Vietnam’s economic integration to a new level once it enters into force. In the past, the associated economic growth has led to environmental deterioration due to inappropriate regulations and poor enforcement. Currently, environmental problems are visible everywhere and attract the attention of citizens as well as lawmakers. The new free trade agreement establishes a framework for sustainable development in the context of trade and investment. The relevant provisions aim to maintain Vietnam’s right to regulate for the targeted protection level, require the country to take measures to mitigate the pressure on the environment, and open the door for cooperation with the European Union. However, it remains to be seen, whether these provisions balance the risks associated with the increase in trade and investment through the free trade agreement.

scholarly journals Interorganizational Diffusion in International Relations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Lenz
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
The North ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Institutional Choices ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods ◽  
The Eu

How and under what conditions does the European Union (EU) shape processes of institution building in other regional organizations? This book develops and tests a theory of interorganizational diffusion in international relations that explains how successful pioneer organizations shape institutional choices in other organizations by affecting the institutional preferences and bargaining strategies of national governments. The author argues that Europe’s foremost regional organization systematically affects institution building abroad, but that such influence varies across different types of organization. Mixing quantitative and qualitative methods, it shows how the EU institutionally strengthens regional organizations through active engagement and by building its own institutions at home. Yet the contractual nature of other regional organizations bounds this causal influence: EU influence makes an identifiable difference primarily in those organizations that, like the EU itself, rest on an open-ended contract. Evidence for these claims is drawn from the statistical analysis of a dataset on the institutionalization of 35 regional organizations in the period from 1950 to 2017, as well as from detailed single and comparative case studies on institutional creation and (non-)change in the Southern African Development Community, Mercosur, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the North American Free Trade Agreement.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF UKRAINE’S INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
The Eu

Ukraine's foreign trade is one of the most important means of increasing the state budget, and the European Union is the strongest global economic organization, the largest and best regional market in the world. Therefore, the study of the problems of economic cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the context of wide and favorable access of domestic enterprises products to the EU markets is becoming increasingly important for achieving a strategic goal. This goal concludes the development of Ukraine`s economy and achievement of a rightful place in the international differentiation of labor. The article considered the socio-economic nature, role and importance of international trade; main problems and prospects of Ukraine's trade with the EU as well as its dynamics and structure, various methods which are applied to analyze the current state of foreign trade of Ukraine with the EU. In our work we analyzed the obstacles of trading between Ukraine and the EU, ways to overcome them and benefits of this trade. The application of the Free Trade Area between Ukraine and the EU contributes to the gradual expansion of Ukrainian export access to European markets under the Association Agreement. The execution of this agreement for Ukrainian business entities simplified the entry to the protected domestic market of EU Member States and gave the opportunity to realize its own competitive benefits in purchase quality and price. Under this Free Trade Agreement Ukraine assumed not only opportunities but also certain obligations on improvement of quality standards and product safety, implementation of reforms in the area of technical regulation, development of quality assurance system and safety food industry. The simplification of goods access to other markets is indirect benefit for Ukrainian manufactures. The entry to the EU markets with high level standards automatically indicates goods quality.

National Treatment and MFN in the (Invisible) EU Model BIT

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 484-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios Tzanakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Treatment ◽  
Bilateral Investment Treaty ◽  
Investment Protection ◽  
The North ◽  
Investment Treaty

This article discusses the potential provisions on national treatment and most-favoured-nation (mfn) treatment to be included in a future model bilateral investment treaty (bit) of the European Union (eu) against the background of the leaked draft text of the Canada-eu Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (ceta) investment chapter. It concludes that the relevant eu treaty practice seems to be closer to investment protection models influenced by the North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta), such as those prevalent in the Canada and us Model bits, and that a future eu Model bit along these lines will depart significantly from the investment treaty practice of eu Member States.

scholarly journals MERCOSUR AND THE EU: THE FALSE MIRROR

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-122
Author(s):  
Detlef Nolte ◽  
Clarissa Correa Ribeiro Neto
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Framework Agreement ◽  
30Th Anniversary ◽  
American Authors ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The relations with the European Union (EU) began almost with the Mercosur’s creation. After signing a first framework agreement in 1995, the EU and Mercosur began negotiating a comprehensive interregional partnership with a free trade agreement since 1999. Negotiations were conducted with ups and downs, suspended, and resumed over a period of more than 20 years, and up to Mercosur’s 30th anniversary there is still no free trade agreement ratified with the EU. Based on the broad literature on the relations between the EU and Mercosur (both by European and Latin American authors) and on the analysis of official documents and declarations from the EU and Mercosur, this paper proposes some explanations as to why these negotiations have progressed so slowly and faced so many obstacles.

scholarly journals IMPROVING FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA) BETWEEN INDONESIA-EUROPEAN UNION (EU) THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP (CEPA)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Manurung
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Investment Promotion ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This study aims to elaborate potential effects of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) on the trading of goods and services between the European Union (EU) and Indonesia addressing issues considered to be impeding the conclusion of CEPA negotiations. Suppose the agreement between the EU and Indonesia improve economic relations while creating benefits for both. Indonesia and the EU began negotiation on the CEPA preparation in 2012. The CEPA has been presented as having the ability to help both parties take full advantage of unexploited economic relations. The CEPA is expected to be a comprehensive agreement discussing various aspects of economic relations and moved beyond being a simple agreement for removing trade barriers. The liberalization of international trade in goods remains to be an important aspect of the CEPA, investment promotion and facilitation, the improvement of trade in services, and the creation of improved competition policy practices would promote greater economic relations. Indonesia expects three major contributions from the CEPA, i.e.: First, the most obvious one relates to promotion of increased trade between Indonesia and the EU. The agreement’s focus on trade liberalization will increase the intensity of trade relations by lowering trade barriers, and by facilitating trade; Second, expected contribution concerns the impact of liberalization on trade and investments in services; Third, enhanced technological advance and skills transfer in the goods, services and investment. A free trade agreement between the EU and Indonesia provides a more stable, balanced, and long-term framework to enhance trade and investment.   Keywords: the EU, Indonesia, CEPA, liberalization, free trade     Abstrak     Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan potensi efek dari Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA) mengenai perdagangan barang dan jasa antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia, dan dalam penanganan isu-isu utama yang dianggap dapat menghambat perundingan CEPA. Seharusnya kesepakatan antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memperbaiki dinamika hubungan ekonomi yang ada, sekaligus menciptakan berbagai manfaat bagi keduanya. Indonesia dan Uni Eropa mulai melakukan negosiasi persiapan CEPA di tahun 2012. CEPA digambarkan memampukan kedua belah pihak memanfaatkan sepenuhnya hubungan ekonomi yang tidak saling mengeksploitasi hubungan ekonomi antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia. CEPA diharapkan menjadi kesepakatan komprehensif dalam membahas berbagai aspek hubungan ekonomi tersebut, dan karenanya telah melampaui kesepakatan sederhana untuk penghapusan hambatan perdagangan. Sementara liberalisasi perdagangan internasional barang tetap sebagai aspek penting CEPA, promosi investasi dan fasilitasi, peningkatan perdagangan jasa, dan penciptaan praktik kebijakan persaingan yang lebih baik dalam promosi hubungan ekonomi yang lebih luas. Indonesia berharap adanya tiga kontribusi utama dari CEPA, yaitu: Pertama, yang paling nyata berkaitan dengan promosi peningkatan perdagangan antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa. Fokus kesepakatan pada liberalisasi perdagangan dapat meningkatkan intensitas hubungan perdagangan dengan menurunkan berbagai hambatan dagang, dan dengan memfasilitasi perdagangan; Kedua, kontribusi CEPA diharapkan berdampak pada liberalisasi perdagangan dan investasi jasa; Ketiga, peningkatan kemajuan teknologi dan keterampilan di sektor barang, jasa dan investasi. Adanya perjanjian perdagangan bebas (FTA) antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memberikan kerangka kerjasama yang lebih stabil, seimbang, dan berjangka panjang dalam peningkatan hubungan perdagangan dan investasi antar kawasan.   Kata kunci: Uni Eropa, Indonesia, Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA), liberalisasi, pasar bebas

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