Into the Conspiracy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. DeJonge
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Two Kingdoms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter begins examination of the third phase of Bonhoeffer’s resistance, beginning in 1939 and characterized by his participation in a conspiracy to kill Adolf Hitler and overthrow the Third Reich. Notwithstanding the novel character of this kind of resistance in Bonhoeffer’s resistance activity and thinking, much of his thinking about resistance remains stable in this third phase. As this chapter shows with reference especially to Ethics, the main text from this phase, Bonhoeffer remains committed to the two kingdoms, the orders (although these are now named mandates), and the relationship of church and state articulated early in the resistance. Similarly, Bonhoeffer continues to affirm the types of ecclesial resistance developed in the first two phases of resistance (types 2 through 5).

The Elections Cartel in Regierungsbezirk Bromberg (Bydgoszcz), 1898–1903: Ethnic Rivalry, Agrarianism, and “Practicing Democracy”

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Roland Spickermann
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Rural Politics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In debates on the nature and degree of democratization in the Kaiserreich, the dynamics of rural politics have received perhaps less attention than they merit. Indeed, though the picture is more nuanced now, for a long period the ability of rural elites to dominate nonelites (a core aspect of these dynamics) was simply assumed, as was the relationship of this dominance to Germany's troubled democratization. In his 1943 workBread and Democracy in Germany, for example, Alexander Gerschenkron blamed Germany's entrenched and elitist aristocracy for this trait of bullying voters into antidemocratic politics spanning from the Kaiserreich to the Third Reich. More subtly, the landmark 1966 study of Barrington Moore, Jr. noted the potential for an alliance between entrenched aristocracies and small peasantries, with each as reservoirs for antidemocratic (and potentially fascist) sentiment in several countries, with obvious application to the German case as well.

The Free Responsible Action of the Individual

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. DeJonge
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Responsible Action ◽  
Action Type ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

If, as Chapter 12 argues, much of Bonhoeffer’s resistance thinking remains stable even as he undertakes the novel conspiratorial resistance, what is new in his resistance thinking in the third phase? What receives new theological elaboration is the resistance activity of the individual, which in the first two phases was overshadowed by the resistance role played by the church. Indeed, as this chapter shows, Bonhoeffer’s conspiratorial activity is associated with what he calls free responsible action (type 6), and this is the action of the individual, not the church, in the exercise of vocation. As such, the conspiratorial activity is most closely related to the previously developed type 1 resistance, which includes individual vocational action in response to state injustice. But the conspiratorial activity differs from type 1 resistance as individual vocational action in the extreme situation.

Richard Scheringer, the KPD and the Politics of Class and Nation in Germany, 1922–1969

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY S. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Army Officer ◽  
Modern Germany ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the life and times of Richard Scheringer, an army officer and supporter of Adolf Hitler who became famous during the early 1930s for his high-profile conversion to communism. Known in the closing years of the Weimar Republic as a point-man for Communist efforts to win support from the radical right, Scheringer survived the Third Reich to become a leading figure in the postwar Communist Party. His well-documented but little-studied career, bridging critical caesurae of modern Germany history, highlights the unique political constellation of the interwar period, demonstrating fundamental continuities in the relationship of German communism to the nation before and after 1945.

Exploiting Hitler’s Magic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kurlander
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Book Of Revelation ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Campaigning ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter illustrates how the National Socialist Workers' Party (NSDAP) appropriated supernatural ideas in order to appeal to ordinary Germans, enlisting the help of occultists and horror writers in shaping propaganda and political campaigning. By exploiting the supernatural imaginary, Hitler tied his political mission into something out of the Book of Revelation, as one ‘divinely chosen’ to create the Third Reich. The chapter then looks at three case studies. The first assesses Hitler's approach to politics through his reading of Ernst Schertel's 1923 occult treatise, Magic: History, Theory, Practice. The second considers the NSDAP's propaganda collaboration with the horror writer, Hanns Heinz Ewers. The third delves into the relationship between the NSDAP and Weimar's most popular ‘magician’, Erik Hanussen. In coopting Schertel's magic, enlisting Ewers, and forming an alliance with Hanussen, the Nazis diverted the masses from objective reality and toward the coming Third Reich.

X. Gesetzesbruch als Prinzip. Entwicklungslinien des weltanschaulichen Radikalismus in der Führerdiktatur

2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 420-440
Author(s):  
Anselm Doering-Manteuffel
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Relationship

Breaking the Law as a Norm: Contours of Ideological Radicalism within the Nazi Dictatorship. This article analyzes the relationship between Nazi legal experts’ efforts to create a canon of constitutional law for the Third Reich and the ideological radicalism characteristic of Hitler and the SS-state. The attempts of legal professionals to establish “völkisch” constitutional law emerged out of the staunch anti-liberalism that had spread throughout Germany since the end of World War I. However, this “völkisch” constitutional law bore no resemblance to rational European legal thought. It not only proved to be ineffective for this reason, but also because the ideological radicalism that reigned supreme in the Third Reich sought to break the law and let lawlessness rule.

Drinking Rituals, Masculinity, and Mass Murder in Nazi Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-389
Author(s):  
Edward B. Westermann
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Mass Killing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Killing Fields ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractDuring the Third Reich, alcohol served as both a literal and metaphorical lubricant for acts of violence and atrocity by the men of theSturmabteilung(SA), theSchutzstaffel(SS), and the police. Scholars have extensively documented its use and abuse on the part of the perpetrators. For the SA, the SS, and the police, the consumption of alcohol was part of a ritual that not only bound the perpetrators together, but also became a facilitator of acts of “performative masculinity”—a type of masculinity expressly linked to physical or sexual violence. In many respects, the relationship among alcohol, masculinity, sex, and violence permeated all aspects of the Nazi killing process in the camps, the ghettos, and the killing fields. After the outbreak of war in September 1939, such practices were increasingly radicalized, with drinking and celebratory rituals becoming key elements for these closed male communities of perpetrators, who used them to prepare for acts of mass killing and, ultimately, genocide.

Heterogeneous Persecution: Lesbianism and the Nazi State

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-325
Author(s):  
Samuel Clowes Huneke
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Single Frame ◽  
Female Homosexuality ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn recent years scholars have shown increasing interest in lesbianism under National Socialism. But because female homosexuality was never criminalized in Nazi Germany, excluding Austria, historians have few archival sources through which to recount this past. That lack of evidence has led to strikingly different interpretations in the scholarly literature, with some historians claiming lesbians were a persecuted group and others insisting they were not. This article presents three archival case studies, each of which epitomizes a different mode in the relationship between lesbians and the Nazi state. In presenting these cases, the article contextualizes them with twenty-seven other cases from the literature, arguing that these different modes illustrate why different women met with such radically different fates. In so doing, it attempts to bridge the divide in the scholarship, putting persecution and tolerance into a single frame of reference for understanding the lives of lesbians in the Third Reich.

L'archélolgie française et le Régime de Vichy (1940–1944)

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Olivier
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Administrative Structure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Vichy Regime ◽  
Administrative Framework ◽  
Republican Government ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Relationship

For four years (1940–1944) after its defeat by the Third Reich, France was ruled by an anti-republican government whose active collaboration with the Nazis made a major contribution to the persecution and extermination of the Jews. Through the ‘National Revolution’, the Vichy regime developed an ideology opposed to democracy and republican roots and sought to re-invent its national origins as a justification for Pétainism. Thus, the Gallic past and archaeology in general played an important role in this new ideology by assimilating the defeat of the Gauls by Caesar to that of the French by the Nazis and by then comparing the successful incorporation of Gaul into the Roman Empire with that of France into a ‘new Europe’ dominated by Nazi Germany. At the same time, the Vichy regime provided French archaeology with its first legal and administrative structure, which allowed the development of the discipline. This legislative and administrative framework was preserved intact not only until the liberation but right up to the present day. It is the permanence of this structure which creates the problem of the relationship between current French archaeology and the Vichy regime.

scholarly journals THE AESTHETICS OF PLACE IN THE ALCHEMIST'S NOVEL FOR PAULO COELHO

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51
Author(s):  
Salwa Gerges SALMAN
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Human Community ◽  
The Third ◽  
Real Place ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Aesthetic Characteristics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aims to identify the aesthetic characteristics of the element of place in the novel (The Alchemist) through the process of influence, being affected, and revealing contradictions that existing in the human community. The plan involves an introduction and two chapters. The introduction came in two axes: the first: the place, linguistically and idiomatically, and the second axis: the summary of the novel. Whereas the first chapter, which is labeled (types of place), is based on four topics: - The first: the domesticated place - the non-domesticated place. - The second: the open space - the closed place - Third: Place of residence - place of relocation - Fourth: the real place - the imaginary place Moreover, the second chapter entitled (Description), it included three sections: - The first: the relationship of place to the character. - The second: the relationship of the place to the event. - The third: the relationship of the character to the event. At the end we conclude the conclusion of the paper with the most important results.

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