A Ghost in the Machine

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
Thomas Boraud
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
Electrophysiological Activity

This chapter describes the neurobiological approach of decision-making. Until the late 1980s, ignoring the work of experimental economists and behaviourists, electrophysiologists restricted themselves to the study of sensory and motor function, believing it to be impossible for them to access cognitive processes. In 1989, William Newsome and Anthony Movshon broke the dogma while studying the role of neurons in the medio-temporal area of the cortex (an associative visual area) in the visual discrimination of macaques. They became the first researchers who were able to correlate decision-making with a pattern of electrophysiological activity in neurons. This correlation, which they called psychometric–neurometric pairing, became the backbone of all subsequent studies into the neurobiology of decision-making. The chapter then looks at the development of functional MRI, and presents a normative approach to decision-making and learning.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

scholarly journals Motivation and Cognitive Control in Depression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Grahek ◽  
Amitai Shenhav ◽  
Sebastian Musslick ◽  
Ruth M. Krebs ◽  
Ernst H.W. Koster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Control Allocation ◽  
Mechanistic Models ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding

AbstractDepression is linked to deficits in cognitive control and a host of other cognitive impairments arise as a consequence of these deficits. Despite of their important role in depression, there are no mechanistic models of cognitive control deficits in depression. In this paper we propose how these deficits can emerge from the interaction between motivational and cognitive processes. We review depression-related impairments in key components of motivation along with new cognitive neuroscience models that focus on the role of motivation in the decision-making about cognitive control allocation. Based on this review we propose a unifying framework which connects motivational and cognitive control deficits in depression. This framework is rooted in computational models of cognitive control and offers a mechanistic understanding of cognitive control deficits in depression.

scholarly journals Shape Processing Area LO and Illusory Contours

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p6388 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1260-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee H de-Wit ◽  
Robert W Kentridge ◽  
A David Milner
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Illusory Contours ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Shape Representations ◽  
Shape Processing

Recent functional MRI has demonstrated that illusory contours can activate the primary visual cortex. Our investigation sought to demonstrate whether this correlation reflects computations performed in the primary visual cortex or feedback effects from shape processing area LO. We explored this in a patient who has a bilateral lesion to LO, but a functionally spared V1. Our data indicate that illusory contours are unable to influence behaviour without visual area LO. Whilst we would not claim that our data provide evidence for the ‘cognitive’ nature of illusory contours, they certainly suggest that illusory contours are dependent upon the computations involved in extracting shape representations in LO. Our data highlight the importance of neuropsychological research in interpreting the role of feedforward and feedback effects in the generation of visual illusions.

scholarly journals Visualizing Data to Support Judgement, Inference, and Decision Making in Learning Analytics: Insights from Cognitive Psychology and Visualization Science

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakinah S.J. Alhadad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Learning Analytics ◽  
Inference Making ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Data Visualizations ◽  
Effective Design

Understanding human judgement and decision making during visual inspection of data is of both practical and theoretical interest. While visualizing data is a commonly employed mechanism to support complex cognitive processes such as inference, judgement, and decision making, the process of supporting and scaffolding cognition through effective design is less well understood. Applying insights from cognitive psychology and visualization science, this paper critically discusses the role of human factors — visual attention, perception, judgement, and decision making — toward informing methodological choices when visualizing data. The value of visualizing data is discussed in two key domains: 1) visualizing data as a means of communication; and 2) visualizing data as research methodology. The first applies cognitive science principles and research evidence to inform data visualization design for communication. The second applies data- and cognitive-science to deepen our understanding of data, of its uncertainty, and of analysis when making inferences. The evidence for human capacity limitations — attention and cognition — are discussed in the context of data visualizations to support inference-making in both domains, and are followed by recommendations. Finally, how learning analytics can further research on understanding the role data visualizations can play in supporting complex cognition is proposed.

scholarly journals Issues of Emotion-Based Multi-Agent System

2014 ◽  
pp. 253-255
Author(s):  
ARUSHI THAKUR ◽  
DIVYA RISHI SAHU
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Artificial Life ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Multi Agent System ◽  
Agent System ◽  
Artificial Intelligent ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Multi Agent

Emotion plays a significant contribution in perceptual processes of psychology and neuroscience research. Gently, area of Artificial Intelligent and Artificial Life in simulation and cognitive processes modeling uses this knowledge of emotions. Psychology and neuroscience researches are increasingly show how emotion plays an important role in cognitive processes. Gradually, this knowledge is being used in Artificial Intelligent and Artificial Life areas in simulation and cognitive processes modeling. Researchers are still not very clear about working of mind to generate emotion. Different people have different emotion at the same time and for same situation. Thus, to generate artificial emotion for agents is very complex task. Each agent and its emotion are autonomous but when we work on multi-agent system. Agents have to cooperate and coordinate with each other. In this paper we are discussing the role of emotions in multi-agent system while decision making, coordinate and cooperate with other agents. Also, we are about to discuss some major issues related to Artificial Emotion (AE) that should be considered when any research is proposed for it. In this paper we are discussing the role of emotions in multi-agent system while decision making, coordinate and cooperate with other agents. Also, we are about to discuss some major issues related to it that should be considered when any research is proposed for Artificial Emotion (AE).

Applying Evidence in Practice

2014 ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Dore
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Unconscious Thought ◽  
Analytical Reasoning ◽  
The Way

Judgement and decision-making lie at the heart of practice and are feats that practitioners perform under conditions that are complex and uncertain, the attainment of positive outcomes for service users dependent upon the aptitude of those charged with the task and the scaffolding provided by their employing organisations. Faced with such a challenge, social workers somehow avoid paralysis and take action to support and protect those with whom they work, drawing on experience, skill, information, and intervention evidence. The way they negotiate, orientate, interpret, and apply this knowledge is often through unconscious thought processes that require illumination and balance. This chapter considers how practitioners make sense of the situations that they come into contact with and discusses the intuitive-analytical reasoning continuum integral to this. Attention is given to the role of value as an influence upon perception and subsequent interpretation, together with the role played by cognitive processes.

Decision making in crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 95-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley D. Dionne ◽  
Janaki Gooty ◽  
Francis J. Yammarino ◽  
Hiroki Sayama
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Schema ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Naturalistic Decision Making ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Face Complex ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Despite recognition that emotions are present and salient during a crisis, traditional views of crisis decision making, such as crisis decision theory and naturalistic decision making, emphasize mainly the role of cognitive processes. Several recent crises illustrate individuals face complex, dynamic, and significant situations requiring decisions with which they are unfamiliar and/or lack experience. Moreover, dangerous and life-threatening situations activate negative emotions such as anger, regret, guilt, fear, disappointment, and shame, which may uniquely affect recursive associations with the immediate cognitive schema elicited after a crisis. Also consider individuals do not experience crises in a vacuum. Rather, they perceive, interpret, and assess information via interactions with others, thus creating collective crisis decision making as a substantive level of analysis. As such, we present a multilevel theoretical model examining the interactive role cognitions and emotions play in crisis decision making, and offer implications regarding individual and collective decisions during crises.

scholarly journals Translatorial and non-translatorial automaticity

Jezikoslovlje ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-118
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Deckert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Integrative View ◽  
Automated Processing ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

The paper examines empirically a subset of cognitive processes in trainee translators with the objective of gaining an insight into their decision-making. Specifically, we are interested in the nature and role of automated processing – above all, how pronounced it can be and how it influences the quality of decisions. The paper’s objective is then to come up with an integrative view of the relationship between translatorial automaticity and cognitive automaticity in general, viz. that not associated with translation. This could help us better capture some of the characteristics of translator behaviour and supplement our understanding of translation competence. Results from experiments with trainees reported in the paper show no correlation between the two dimensions of automated processing, and indicate that translatorial automaticity could be harder to override than its more general counterpart.

The Role of Shared Decision-Making in Audiologic Rehabilitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Pryce ◽  
Amanda Hall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Audiologic Rehabilitation

Shared decision-making (SDM), a component of patient-centered care, is the process in which the clinician and patient both participate in decision-making about treatment; information is shared between the parties and both agree with the decision. Shared decision-making is appropriate for health care conditions in which there is more than one evidence-based treatment or management option that have different benefits and risks. The patient's involvement ensures that the decisions regarding treatment are sensitive to the patient's values and preferences. Audiologic rehabilitation requires substantial behavior changes on the part of patients and includes benefits to their communication as well as compromises and potential risks. This article identifies the importance of shared decision-making in audiologic rehabilitation and the changes required to implement it effectively.

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