scholarly journals Visualizing Data to Support Judgement, Inference, and Decision Making in Learning Analytics: Insights from Cognitive Psychology and Visualization Science

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakinah S.J. Alhadad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Learning Analytics ◽  
Inference Making ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Data Visualizations ◽  
Effective Design

Understanding human judgement and decision making during visual inspection of data is of both practical and theoretical interest. While visualizing data is a commonly employed mechanism to support complex cognitive processes such as inference, judgement, and decision making, the process of supporting and scaffolding cognition through effective design is less well understood. Applying insights from cognitive psychology and visualization science, this paper critically discusses the role of human factors — visual attention, perception, judgement, and decision making — toward informing methodological choices when visualizing data. The value of visualizing data is discussed in two key domains: 1) visualizing data as a means of communication; and 2) visualizing data as research methodology. The first applies cognitive science principles and research evidence to inform data visualization design for communication. The second applies data- and cognitive-science to deepen our understanding of data, of its uncertainty, and of analysis when making inferences. The evidence for human capacity limitations — attention and cognition — are discussed in the context of data visualizations to support inference-making in both domains, and are followed by recommendations. Finally, how learning analytics can further research on understanding the role data visualizations can play in supporting complex cognition is proposed.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

An Early Framework for a Cognitive Neuroscience of Visual Aesthetics

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Visual Aesthetics ◽  
The Rich

In the early 2000s, no framework within which to investigate the biology of aesthetics had been articulated. The author believes that a componential framework, as was common in cognitive psychology, applied to neuroaesthetics made sense. Such frameworks were commonly applied to complex cognitive domains, such as in language, emotion processing, or visual processing research. As such, the author proposes a “box and arrow” model which incorporated levels of visual processing, emotions, attention, and decision-making. The advantage of such a framework is that specific experiments could be placed in the context of testing hypotheses of parts of a larger system deployed for aesthetic processing. The framework has held up well over the years, although the author believes he did not sufficiently emphasize the role of the motor system and the rich contribution of semantics in aesthetic experiences.

A Ghost in the Machine

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
Thomas Boraud
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
Electrophysiological Activity

This chapter describes the neurobiological approach of decision-making. Until the late 1980s, ignoring the work of experimental economists and behaviourists, electrophysiologists restricted themselves to the study of sensory and motor function, believing it to be impossible for them to access cognitive processes. In 1989, William Newsome and Anthony Movshon broke the dogma while studying the role of neurons in the medio-temporal area of the cortex (an associative visual area) in the visual discrimination of macaques. They became the first researchers who were able to correlate decision-making with a pattern of electrophysiological activity in neurons. This correlation, which they called psychometric–neurometric pairing, became the backbone of all subsequent studies into the neurobiology of decision-making. The chapter then looks at the development of functional MRI, and presents a normative approach to decision-making and learning.

Semantics, conceptual role

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Block
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Procedural Semantics ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Conceptual Role Semantics ◽  
Conceptual Role

According to conceptual role semantics (CRS), the meaning of a representation is the role of that representation in the cognitive life of the agent, for example, in perception, thought and decision-making. It is an extension of the well-known ‘use’ theory of meaning, according to which the meaning of a word is its use in communication and, more generally, in social interaction. CRS supplements external use by including the role of a symbol inside a computer or a brain. The uses appealed to are not just actual, but also counterfactual: not only what effects a thought does have, but what effects it would have had if stimuli or other states had differed. Of course, so defined, the functional role of a thought includes all sorts of causes and effects that are non-semantic, for example, perhaps happy thoughts can bolster one’s immunity, promoting good health. Conceptual roles are functional roles minus such non-semantic causes and effects. The view has arisen separately in philosophy (where it is sometimes called ‘inferential’ or ‘functional’ role semantics) and in cognitive science (where it is sometimes called ‘procedural semantics’).

Cognitive Science of Tourism Experiences

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Noel Scott ◽  
Ana Claudia Campos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Behavioural Approach ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
Emotion Memory ◽  
The Way

While other disciplinary approaches such as sociology and anthropology are important, this chapter introduces a cognitivist psychology approach to experience research. Such theoretical discussion may seem of little practical use, but the chapter argues that it is fundamental to understanding how and why experiences are created. The chapter applies theory and concepts from cognitive science (cognitive psychology and neuroscience) in the study of tourism experiences. This provides a different psychological paradigm to the behavioural approach currently in use in much research. The chapter describes the scope of cognitive psychology and neuroscience, its main concepts of cognitive psychology (perception, attention, emotion, memory, consciousness, learning), and their neuronal basis (neuroscience). These concepts are then applied in three topic areas related to tourism experiences: decision making, emotion, and attention. Several applications to tourism experience research are noted. Finally, the chapter discusses the way cognitive psychology concepts can be used in tourism research.

scholarly journals Role of Logic in Cognitive Science

Studia Humana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Paweł Balcerak
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Propositional Logic ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Human Cognition

Abstract In their work McCulloch and Pitts describe an idea of representing all of nervous activity in terms of propositional logic. This idea was quickly challenged. One of reasons for this challenge was rising believe that logic is unable to describe most of human cognitive processes. In this paper we will analyse premises of original McCulloch and Pitts proposition. Following that, we will ask about ability of symbolic (logical) systems to represent human cognition. We will finish by analysing relation between symbolic and subsymbolic computing, in hope of bridging the gap between the two.

scholarly journals Motivation and Cognitive Control in Depression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Grahek ◽  
Amitai Shenhav ◽  
Sebastian Musslick ◽  
Ruth M. Krebs ◽  
Ernst H.W. Koster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Control Allocation ◽  
Mechanistic Models ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding

AbstractDepression is linked to deficits in cognitive control and a host of other cognitive impairments arise as a consequence of these deficits. Despite of their important role in depression, there are no mechanistic models of cognitive control deficits in depression. In this paper we propose how these deficits can emerge from the interaction between motivational and cognitive processes. We review depression-related impairments in key components of motivation along with new cognitive neuroscience models that focus on the role of motivation in the decision-making about cognitive control allocation. Based on this review we propose a unifying framework which connects motivational and cognitive control deficits in depression. This framework is rooted in computational models of cognitive control and offers a mechanistic understanding of cognitive control deficits in depression.

Epistemological requirements for a cognitive psychology of real people

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Campion
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Real World ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Real People ◽  
Large Scope ◽  
Epistemological Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Framework

Pothos's analysis is difficult to relate to real human mental processes. He tackles four quite different areas of psychology and adduces evidence from a large number of paradigms. Yet despite this very large scope, he employs a single, simplistic descriptive framework. An epistemological analysis, supported by illustrations from real world decision-making, shows that this steers us away from, rather than towards, an understanding of real human cognitive processes.

Applications of Cognitive Developmental Theory and Data to Educational Psychology

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-8
Author(s):  
Graeme S. Halford
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Educational Psychology ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Developmental Theory ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Intellectual Activities ◽  
Mathematics And Science

Recent developments in Cognitive Psychology and in the new discipline of Cognitive Science (an integration of Cognitive Psychology, Computer Science, Linguistics, Philosophy of Mind, and Cognitive Neuroscience) have made it appropriate to consider new ways in which Cognitive Development and Educational Psychology can benefit each other. Cognitive Development can contribute to Educational Psychology by specifying cognitive processes entailed in educationally relevant tasks, by analysing processing loads, and by indicating more efficient ways of using available capacity. Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science have now produced some penetrating theories of the cognitive processes that underlie a wide variety of intellectual activities. Although there is still much work remaining to be done, these developments can be used to analyse the strategies children and adults use in solving problems in areas such as mathematics and science. This can result in benefits in both learning and remediation. Educational Psychology can benefit Cognitive Development by offering alternativeconcepts, by providing realistic problems for analysis, and by providing a testing ground for its theories. I will illustrate these ideas in the area of mathematics.

scholarly journals The Emerging Landscape of Explainable Automated Planning & Decision Making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tathagata Chakraborti ◽  
Sarath Sreedharan ◽  
Subbarao Kambhampati
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Automated Planning ◽  
Ai Planning ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
Explainable Ai ◽  
Planning Decision ◽  
Effective Design

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive outline of the different threads of work in Explainable AI Planning (XAIP) that has emerged as a focus area in the last couple of years and contrast that with earlier efforts in the field in terms of techniques, target users, and delivery mechanisms. We hope that the survey will provide guidance to new researchers in automated planning towards the role of explanations in the effective design of human-in-the-loop systems, as well as provide the established researcher with some perspective on the evolution of the exciting world of explainable planning.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document