The Making of Pedology

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-217
Author(s):  
Andy Byford
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Education System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Reforms ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
System P ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
Soviet Education ◽  
Occupational Work ◽  
The One

This chapter considers the institutionalization of ‘pedology’ as a Soviet ‘state science’ at the turn of the 1920s–1930s. It examines the shift in the field’s mobilization as pedology was turned into a framework of the field’s ‘integration’. In response to the failures of educational reformism, pedology was given the task of bolstering the construction of the Soviet education system. This prompted its leaders to define pedology as a discipline, though they still needed to negotiate its theoretical and methodological heterogeneity. They envisaged it both as a general science of human development and as a mediator between the plurality of specialist biopsychosocial sciences, on the one hand, and the teachers’ own professional expertise, on the other. Since pedology claimed to be charting the laws and norms of development, the field’s leaders became embroiled not only in debates about the nature of pedology as science but also the nature of development as such. The new context also required them to negotiate pedology’s relationship to pedagogy as the academic form of the education profession’s expertise. The latter half of the chapter focuses on the politics surrounding these developments. The period 1927–9 witnessed pedology’s enthusiastic institutionalization as a ‘state science’. From 1930, the demands of the First Five-Year Plan made themselves felt and the field was at this point subjected to a de facto ‘revolution from above’. The year 1931 marked a major turning point as 1920s’ progressive educational reforms were denounced as a mistake, while Soviet scientific institutions were subjected to stringent politico-ideological disciplining. Pedology managed to survive, but principally as a form of occupational work supporting the education system.

Features of a Well-Working Civil Litigation System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Croley
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Civil Litigation ◽  
Civil Justice ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Normative Framework ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
System P ◽  
The One

This chapter provides an analytical and normative framework for evaluating the civil litigation system as well as for understanding existing critiques of the system. It argues that civil justice requires, first, that courts are accessible to parties with valid legal claims and defenses and, second, that courts are capable of distinguishing between strong and weak claims and defenses, which the chapter defines as reliability. This chapter also explains the central importance of litigation costs, and notes that on the one hand litigation costs can impede access to the courts, while on the other hand some costs are crucial to the operation of the civil litigation system—in that distinguishing between strong and weak claims requires certain expenditures.

scholarly journals Theology and Romanticism

1920 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-389
Author(s):  
Herbert L. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church ◽  
Ebb And Flow

The widespread reaction towards the Church of Rome by which the first half of the last century was marked, has been subjected to a multitude of more or less intelligent explanations. It was to be expected from poor human nature that each critic should explain in accordance with that law of human development which he had himself embraced, and in illustration of that moral which he deemed it most salutary to draw. In this field the disciple of Bossuet will be forever at issue with the disciple of Comte. From the one we hear how the eyes of Europe had been providentially opened by long years of anarchy and bloodshed, how the spirit of schism had been at length unmasked, how the exhausted nations were taught once more to value a unified spiritual control, and how amid the wreck of thrones and the desolation of kingdoms the very dullest of mankind must have been awed by the spectacle of the Chair of Peter standing fast, an authentic token of the Mighty Hand and the Outstretched Arm. From the other side we listen to the cold comment that world disasters are apt to drive back the less robust sort of mind to the solace of old superstition, that mental progress like all things human has its ebb and flow, and that we need not be surprised if a season of shivering credulity alternates with a season of fearless rationalism. The philosophic historian may well be left to wear himself out in this profitless debate with the brethren of his own craft. Non nostri est tantas componere lites.

Cultural Diversity (Fractionalization) and Economic Complexity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letty Y.-Y. Kwan ◽  
Chi-yue Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multinational Study ◽  
Cultural Complexity ◽  
Economic Complexity ◽  
The One ◽  
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization

Does cultural diversity drive creativity and human development? The answer seems to be no, according to the diversity debit hypothesis. In this chapter, we will review the evidence pertaining to the linkages between cultural diversity, on the one hand, and innovation and human development, on the other. To understand these linkages, we consider the multidimensional nature of cultural diversity and distinguish between cultural fractionalization and cultural complexity. Specifically, we argue with evidence from a multinational study that although the extent of ethnolinguistic fractionalization within a country is negatively related to its innovation performance and progress in human development, cultural complexity is positively related to innovation performance, and it can attenuate the negative association between ethnolinguistic fractionalization and progress in human development.

scholarly journals Akhlak Tasawuf Basis Pendidikan Multikultural Di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Hadarah Rajab Rajab
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Multicultural Education ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Education System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Depth Interviews

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana sikap aklah yang diajarkam ilmu tasawuf dapat menjadi landasan Pendidikan multicultural. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan metode penelitian kualitatif fenomenologis, dengan melalui pendekatan wawancara mendalam dan pengamatan langsung di lapangan, serta observasi. Adapaun hasil dari pene;itian ini adalah  desain Pendidikan Multikultural  yang  berbasis Akhlak Tasawuf. Kolaborasi antara konsep pendidikan multicultural di satu sisi dan perilaku sufi  pada ajaran tasawuf dilain sisi. Pada dasarnya kedua unsur tersebut sudah berjalan dengan waktu yang cukup panjang dan telah merimplikasi ke berbagai aspek[1], namun pada bagian ini menawarkan kolaborasi kedua unsur dalam sistim pendidikan multikulturak berdimensi sufi[2] yang dimungkinkan menjadi suatu pola baru yang lebih teduh dan menciptakan kedamaian untuk bangsa Indonesia This study aims to describe how the attitude that is taught by Sufism can be the basis of multicultural education. The method used is phenomenological qualitative research methods, through in-depth interviews and direct observation in the field, as well as observation. The results of this study are the design of Multicultural Education based on Moral Tasawuf. Collaboration between the concept of multicultural education on the one hand and Sufi behavior on Sufism on the other hand. Basically these two elements have been running for quite a long time and have been implicated in various aspects, but this section offers collaboration between the two elements in a multicultural education system with a Sufi dimension which is possible to become a new pattern that is more shady and creates peace for the Indonesian people   [1] Hadarah and Gani, ‘The Implementation of Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah’s Sufism Values in South Celebes’. [2] Enok Rohayati, ‘Pemikiran al-Ghazali tentang Pendidikan Akhlak’, Ta’dib: Journal of Islamic Education (Jurnal Pendidikan Islam), vol. 16, no. 01 (2011), pp. 93–112.

Educational Reforms in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mwongela Kavua
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Working Party ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Educational Reforms ◽  
National Commission ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
System P ◽  
Education Commission

Educational reforms have been made from time to time since independence in Kenya. These reforms have been effected through commissions of education in the context of the country. Among education commissions that have steered reforms in Kenya are the Kenya Education Commission, the National Commission on Education Objectives and Policy, the Presidential Working Party on the Second University, the Commission of Inquiry into the Educational System of Kenya, and the Taskforce on the Realignment of the Sector to the New System. The main challenges facing the education sector have been issues of access, equity, quality, relevance, availability of educational resources, and efficiency in managing them. Moreover, the education system has been blamed for some of the challenges in the education sector, necessitating system change from the 8+4+4 to the 2+6+3+3+3 system. Challenges facing education reforms include inconsistency in carrying out reforms fueled by lack of a guiding philosophical framework, a top-down decision-making process, limited backing for inclusive education in policy, and curriculum-based challenges. Going forward, a bottom-up approach to education reforms, an evidence-based decision-making for reforms in education, and an implementation of inclusive education may play a significant role in reforming the education system.

The Spanish Electoral System

2020 ◽  
pp. 388-409
Author(s):  
Agustí Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regional Parties ◽  
Lower House ◽  
System P ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One

This chapter examines the Spanish electoral system, meaning—first and foremost—the one used to elect the lower house (Congreso de los Diputados). After a brief description of its components, the chapter assesses how its scarce proportionality has traditionally led Spanish politics towards a two-party system. The chapter also assesses some other of its alleged outcomes (such as the malapportionment, the weight of the regional parties, or the robustness of democracy) and its prospects for the future. Finally, the chapter also examines the ‘other’ Spanish electoral systems—that is, the ones used to elect the Senate, the local councils, the regional parliaments, and the Spanish seats in the European Parliament.

Pedology at Work

2020 ◽  
pp. 218-254
Author(s):  
Andy Byford
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Education System ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Special Schools ◽  
Systematic Monitoring ◽  
Soviet Education ◽  
Occupational Work ◽  
School Heads

This chapter analyses the evolution of Soviet pedology as a domain of occupational work in the context of the construction of the Soviet education system across the 1920s–1930s. Of particular interest is the role that pedological work played in combating ‘underperformance’ (neuspevaemost′) through the practice of streaming and referrals to special schools of those evaluated as performing below the norm. The chapter traces the origins of this policy in the 1920s, but its focus is on the expansion of the school pedology service under the Commissariat of Enlightenment during the 1930s. The role of this service was to carry out systematic monitoring and streaming of schoolchildren, to give expert advice and support to teachers and school heads. The chapter argues that Soviet pedology had in this last period of its existence, from 1932 to 1936 been reduced to a form of science-based expertise black-boxed into an applied instrument. The chapter concludes with an account of the demise of pedology in the mid-1930s, including the build-up to the notorious Communist Party decree against pedology, published on 4 July 1936, and the process of pedology’s institutional dismantlment and symbolic de-legitimation in the wake of the decree. The chapter argues that what was being abolished and dismantled in 1936 was principally pedology as occupational work rather than science as such.

Prediction and Accommodation: The Acceptance of Mendeleev’s Periodic System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Periodic Systems ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
System P ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Although periodic systems were produced independently by six codiscoverers in the space of a decade, Dmitri Mendeleev’s system is the one that has had the greatest impact by far. Not only was Mendeleev’s system more complete than the others, but he also worked much harder and longer for its acceptance. He also went much further than the other codiscoverers in publicly demonstrating the validity of his system by using it to predict the existence of a number of hitherto unknown elements. According to the popular story, it was Mendeleev’s many successful predictions that were directly responsible for the widespread acceptance of the periodic system, while his competitors either failed to make predictions or did so in a rather feeble manner. Several of his predictions were indeed widely celebrated, especially those of the elements germanium, gallium, and scandium, and many historians have argued that it was such spectacular feats that assured the acceptance of Mendeleev’s periodic system by the scientific community. The notion that scientific theories are accepted primarily if they make successful predictions seems to be rather well ingrained into scientific culture, and the history of the periodic table has been one of the episodes through which this notion has been propagated. However, philosophers and some scientists have long debated the extent to which predictions influence the acceptance of scientific theories, and it is by no means a foregone conclusion that successful predictions are more telling than other factors. In looking closely at the bulk of Mendeleev’s predictions in this chapter, it becomes clear that, at best, only half of them proved to be correct. This raises a number of questions. First of all, why is it that history has been so kind to Mendeleev as a maker of predictions? As historian of chemistry William Brock has pointed out, “Not all of Mendeleev’s predictions had such a happy outcome; like astrologers’ failures, they are commonly forgotten.”

Ausgestaltung und Enforcement in der Finanzberichterstattung

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Berninger
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Capital Allocation ◽  
The Other ◽  
System P ◽  
The One

Steadily increasing publication requirements during recent decades have not only led to a considerable increase in associated costs for the companies in question, but it is also questionable which information is actually required for a substantiated investment decision—and thus for efficient capital allocation in capital markets. In line with these developments, this study examines the three current regulatory scenarios: the reduction of the requirements for quarterly reporting, the obligation to publish directors’ dealings and the enforcement of accounting standards within the two-tier external enforcement system and their interaction in terms of information provided by listed companies on the one hand and information processing by investors on the other in the capital market. The results show ways to simplify existing capital market regulations without jeopardising investor protection.

scholarly journals Normal forms of conditional knowledge bases respecting system P-entailments and signature renamings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Beierle ◽  
Jonas Haldimann
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Normal Forms ◽  
Nonmonotonic Reasoning ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conditional Knowledge ◽  
System P ◽  
The One ◽  
Model Equivalence

AbstractConditionals are defeasible rules of the form If A then usually B, and they play a central role in many approaches to nonmonotonic reasoning. Normal forms of conditional knowledge bases consisting of a set of such conditionals are useful to create, process, and compare the knowledge represented by them. In this article, we propose several new normal forms for conditional knowledge bases. Compared to the previously introduced antecedent normal form, the reduced antecedent normal form (RANF) represents conditional knowledge with significantly fewer conditionals by taking nonmonotonic entailments licenced by system P into account. The renaming normal form(ρNF) addresses equivalences among conditional knowledge bases induced by renamings of the underlying signature. Combining the concept of renaming normal form with other normal forms yields the renaming antecedent normal form (ρ ANF) and the renaming reduced antecedent normal form (ρ RANF). For all newly introduced normal forms, we show their key properties regarding, existence, uniqueness, model equivalence, and inferential equivalence, and we develop algorithms transforming every conditional knowledge base into an equivalent knowledge base being in the respective normal form. For the most succinct normal form, the ρ RANF, we present an algorithm KBρra systematically generating knowledge bases over a given signature in ρ RANF. We show that the generated knowledge bases are consistent, pairwise not antecedentwise equivalent, and pairwise not equivalent under signature renaming. Furthermore, the algorithm is complete in the sense that, when taking signature renamings and model equivalence into account, every consistent knowledge base is generated. Observing that normalizing the set of all knowledge bases over a signature Σ to ρ RANF yields exactly the same result as KBρra (Σ), highlights the interrelationship between normal form transformations on the one hand and systematically generating knowledge bases in normal form on the other hand.

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