Cultural Diversity (Fractionalization) and Economic Complexity

Author(s):  
Letty Y.-Y. Kwan ◽  
Chi-yue Chiu

Does cultural diversity drive creativity and human development? The answer seems to be no, according to the diversity debit hypothesis. In this chapter, we will review the evidence pertaining to the linkages between cultural diversity, on the one hand, and innovation and human development, on the other. To understand these linkages, we consider the multidimensional nature of cultural diversity and distinguish between cultural fractionalization and cultural complexity. Specifically, we argue with evidence from a multinational study that although the extent of ethnolinguistic fractionalization within a country is negatively related to its innovation performance and progress in human development, cultural complexity is positively related to innovation performance, and it can attenuate the negative association between ethnolinguistic fractionalization and progress in human development.

1920 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-389
Author(s):  
Herbert L. Stewart

The widespread reaction towards the Church of Rome by which the first half of the last century was marked, has been subjected to a multitude of more or less intelligent explanations. It was to be expected from poor human nature that each critic should explain in accordance with that law of human development which he had himself embraced, and in illustration of that moral which he deemed it most salutary to draw. In this field the disciple of Bossuet will be forever at issue with the disciple of Comte. From the one we hear how the eyes of Europe had been providentially opened by long years of anarchy and bloodshed, how the spirit of schism had been at length unmasked, how the exhausted nations were taught once more to value a unified spiritual control, and how amid the wreck of thrones and the desolation of kingdoms the very dullest of mankind must have been awed by the spectacle of the Chair of Peter standing fast, an authentic token of the Mighty Hand and the Outstretched Arm. From the other side we listen to the cold comment that world disasters are apt to drive back the less robust sort of mind to the solace of old superstition, that mental progress like all things human has its ebb and flow, and that we need not be surprised if a season of shivering credulity alternates with a season of fearless rationalism. The philosophic historian may well be left to wear himself out in this profitless debate with the brethren of his own craft. Non nostri est tantas componere lites.


Al-Albab ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Okta Nurul Hidayati ◽  
M. Endy Saputro

Abstract This paper aims to understand the unique relationship between Korean drama and the formation of multicultural identity among Muslim women students. On the one hand, as a form of racial activity, watching Korean dramas can establish a new form of identity while at the same time enriching a new perspective of building multicultural sense. On the other hand as a part of Muslim, they can control Korean culture that is incompatible with Islamic doctrine. This paper argues that adopting Korean dramas positively supports students in creating multicultural cultures. These findings may contribute to the formation of cultural diversity within the Islamic context.


Author(s):  
Göran Roos

This chapter explores the current state of flux in manufacturing. It examines the forces that drive fragmentation and dispersion of value chains on the one hand and those that drive concentration and integration of value chains on the other. These forces are underpinned by changes in technology, wage costs, business environment, importance of economies of scale for production, need for interaction with customers and input providers, needs for skills in the manufacturing workforce, and the workings of industrial commons and economic complexity. Analysing these changes at the level of the firm, this chapter puts the competitive focus on the creation of value more than on cutting costs (although both are important). The policy environment must provide both carrot and stick to ensure that firms align with these developments. In this dynamic world, an effective policy response requires a shift from any single dominating economic lens (e.g. neo-classical, neo-Keynesian, neo-Schumpeterian, evolutionary) to a situation-specific approach.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Le Lièvre

In France, English has a hegemonic position in many domains, including education, despite European policy promoting linguistic and cultural diversity to better integrate citizens in democratic processes. In 2013, the Fioraso law modified the Toubon law by allowing French universities to teach in a foreign language. Under the law, the choice of English at the expense of any other foreign language seems to have become practice. However, this practice clashes with long-standing criticism of Englishization in France. In this chapter an ambivalent picture of Englishization in French higher education arises, revealing tensions between criticism and official language policy on the one hand and language practice on the other. Translingual practices in France generate a different view of Englishization in higher education


Author(s):  
K. Seeta Prabhu ◽  
Sandhya S. Iyer

The chapter presents an intersectional analysis of women’s human development outcomes through the lens of gender and social relations on the one hand, and the nature of public policies implemented on the other. Against the backdrop of women’s movements, this chapter explains women’s marginalization process, wherein critical gaps in the formation of basic capabilities across men and women in the society are identified. Differences in human development outcomes are not only due to differences in access and opportunity freedoms, but also in endowments and entitlements. Thus, real concerns about women’s human development achievements are regarding capability deprivation and inequalities in access to labour markets, social opportunities, political participation, and social protection. It is argued that purely entitlement transfers through state policy will not be able to resolve the issue. The numerous efforts to assess human development outcomes of both women and men in terms of quantitative and qualitative dimensions have been able to capture only some part of this multi-layered phenomenon.


Author(s):  
Andy Byford

This chapter considers the institutionalization of ‘pedology’ as a Soviet ‘state science’ at the turn of the 1920s–1930s. It examines the shift in the field’s mobilization as pedology was turned into a framework of the field’s ‘integration’. In response to the failures of educational reformism, pedology was given the task of bolstering the construction of the Soviet education system. This prompted its leaders to define pedology as a discipline, though they still needed to negotiate its theoretical and methodological heterogeneity. They envisaged it both as a general science of human development and as a mediator between the plurality of specialist biopsychosocial sciences, on the one hand, and the teachers’ own professional expertise, on the other. Since pedology claimed to be charting the laws and norms of development, the field’s leaders became embroiled not only in debates about the nature of pedology as science but also the nature of development as such. The new context also required them to negotiate pedology’s relationship to pedagogy as the academic form of the education profession’s expertise. The latter half of the chapter focuses on the politics surrounding these developments. The period 1927–9 witnessed pedology’s enthusiastic institutionalization as a ‘state science’. From 1930, the demands of the First Five-Year Plan made themselves felt and the field was at this point subjected to a de facto ‘revolution from above’. The year 1931 marked a major turning point as 1920s’ progressive educational reforms were denounced as a mistake, while Soviet scientific institutions were subjected to stringent politico-ideological disciplining. Pedology managed to survive, but principally as a form of occupational work supporting the education system.


2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350005 ◽  
Author(s):  
GABRIELE COLOMBO ◽  
TOMMASO BUGANZA ◽  
ILSE-MARIA KLANNER ◽  
SUSANNE ROISER

Web-based intermediaries that offer crowdsourcing services represent a new and promising way through which firms can leverage the power of a crowd to sustain their innovation performance. However, limited attention has been devoted thus far to understanding the relationship between the intermediaries architecture, i.e., how they deliver their service, and the innovation problems they are designed to solve. Based on an empirical base of 7 in-depth case studies, two distinct architectures, namely competition and competence searching, will be described in the paper; it will be demonstrated that each type is designed to solve specific classes of innovation problems. The paper presents important implications both for firms and web-based intermediaries. On the one hand, firms should collaborate with the web-based intermediary which presents the architecture that best fits the innovation problem to be solved. On the other hand, web-based intermediaries should be designed in coherence with the problems at hand.


Author(s):  
ARMINDO ARMANDO ◽  
MARLENE VANESSA MARQUES JAMAL ◽  
MARTINS MAPERA

 RESUMO O presente artigo faz uma análise crítica sobre a situação da educação de rua, em Moçambique, e sua influência no debate em torno da diversidade cultural. Todavia, entende-se que a diversidade cultural constitui uma plataforma de desenvolvimento de uma sociedade, e que o seu estímulo, de diversas formas, é uma abordagem pontual e necessária, principalmente no setor da educação. Entretanto, em Moçambique, por um lado, o Sistema Nacional de Educação dá mais ênfase a educação formal, isto é, institucionalizada, e por outro reconhece a educação informal, setor que não abrange o espaço “rua”, desta feita, ignorando completamente o direito à educação das crianças de rua. É neste âmbito que se enquadra o nosso artigo, cujo objetivo é refletir sobre a situação da educação de rua e seu impacto na promoção da diversidade cultural em Moçambique. Para o efeito, recorremos aos métodos hermenêuticos, apoiados pelas técnicas de revisão bibliográfica. Portanto, o artigo conclui que há pouca preocupação de promover a diversidade cultural por meio da educação das crianças de e na rua, pelo que o espaço “rua” é visto como de mendigos e que o direito à proteção e à educação tem sido negados através de políticas públicas que são pouco claras, razão pela qual instamos a quem de direito a sua sensibilidade.Palavras-chave: Educação de rua. Inclusão. Diversidade cultural. Moçambique. Street Social Education and the Question of Cultural Diversity: Who Cares?ABSTRACTThis article provides a critical analysis of the situation of street education in Mozambique and its influence on the debate around cultural diversity. However, it is understood that cultural diversity constitutes a platform for the development of a society, and that its encouragement, through different forms, is a punctual and necessary approach, mainly in the education sector. However, in Mozambique, on the one hand, the National Education System places more emphasis on formal, that is, institutionalized education, and on the other, it recognizes informal education, a sector that does not cover the “street” space, this time completely ignoring the right the education of street children. It is in this context that our article fits, which aims to reflect on the situation of street education and its impact on the promotion of cultural diversity in Mozambique. For this purpose, we use hermeneutic methods, supported by bibliographic review techniques. Therefore, the article concludes that there is little concern to promote cultural diversity through education in children from and on the street, so the “street” space is seen as a space for beggars and that the right to protection and education has been denied through public policies that are unclear, which is why we urge those entitled to their sensitivity.Keywords: Street education. Inclusion. Cultural diversity. Mozambique. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-42
Author(s):  
Ashraf Booley

The practice of forced and/or arranged marriages are reported to be taking place globally. These types of marriages have become gender neutral and can no longer be described only as an issue relating to women. However, what is portrayed is that women normally suffer as reported cases are evidence of that. First world countries where there is a large immigrant community, frown on the practice of forced marriages and arranged marriages. This is a complex issue, because on the one hand, one’s religious, cultural diversity is attacked and on the other hand forced and arranged marriages may violate various provisions of international, regional national human rights instruments. From an international law perspective, one could argue that there is a clear violation of international law. On the other hand, and argument relating to one’s cultural and religious beliefs could also be advanced. Concepts such as culture, religion and gender are deeply embedded in most known religions and communities, therefore, the practice of forced and arranged marriages may not be perceived as violation of any law/s whether international or national. Furthermore, forced and arranged marriages are at times so interrelated that it may be difficult to draw a clear distinction between the two. How do we protect women’s rights while at the same time respecting the cultural diversity of society? This article attempts to add to the existing debate surrounding the social and legal complexities of forced and arranged marriages.


2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-30
Author(s):  
Stephen Salkever

This essay outlines some fundamental differences between the evaluative and explanatory language of Aristotelian practical reason based on his empirical psychological theory of human development, on the one hand, and the late 20th and 21st century discourse of human rights based on a NeoKantian transcendent principle of universal human dignity on the other. To what extent are these two types of political discourse compatible in today’s globalizing world? To the extent that they are not compatible, which should be preferred? My answer is that they are compatible and even complementary, but only if the Aristotelian framework is treated as more fundamental, and the rights-and-dignity perspective is understood as a potentially good political solution, for the time being, in the contemporary context of global politics.


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