Common Ground

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Stokke
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter provides a detailed account of the notion of the common ground of conversations, which plays a central role in the Stalnakerian account of assertion that the book relies on for its characterization of lying. The chapter specifies that common ground information is defined in terms of acceptance, rather than belief, and shows how this feature allows that bald-faced lies are assertions. Moreover, the chapter demonstrates how the Stalnakerian conception of communication makes room for bald-faced implicatures. A number of objections to this picture of assertion and the common ground definition of lying are rebutted, including issues concerning the notion of proposing information for common ground uptake, as well as problems involving metaphor and malapropism.

Exploring the Common Ground of Virtual Communities

2002 ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Dirksen ◽  
Bas Smit
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Virtual Community ◽  
Constructive Work ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
The Common ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Definition Of

A great deal of the literature on virtual communities evolves around classifying the phenomenon1 while much empirically constructive work on the topic has not been conducted yet. Therefore, the research discussed in this paper proposes to explore the actual field of the virtual community (VC). By means of a comparative ethnographic research, virtual communities are to be defined in terms of their inherent social activity, the interaction between the groups of people and the information and communication technology (ICT), and the meanings attached to it by its members. This chapter will report on the initial propositions, research questions and approach of the explorative research of working towards a “workable definition” of virtual communities. It will also present its “work to be done” which will ultimately form the basis of moving beyond defining virtual communities, i.e., actually designing and deploying one.

scholarly journals Beyond the Binary: Rethinking Gender Neutrality in Indian Rape Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-397
Author(s):  
Harshad PATHAK
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Rape Law ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Human Rights Based Approach ◽  
Gender Neutrality ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Indian Penal Code

AbstractDespite expanding the definition of rape under the Indian Penal Code to include non-penile-vaginal acts of penetration, the said definition continues to conform to a gender-specific notion of rape, based on a predetermined characterization of the victim-perpetrator framework on the basis of their genders. Herein, I will critique this idea of gender specificity in Indian rape law on the grounds that it reinforces a binary notion of gender, and results in gross underinclusion. Instead, it is more appropriate to adopt a human-rights-based approach in defining the offence of rape, and negate the role of gender in identifying the victims and perpetrators of an act of rape. The argument is pillared on a state’s obligation to not discriminate on the basis of sex, the recognition of transgender rights, and an assessment of the common grounds for opposing gender neutrality in Indian rape law.

scholarly journals Spirituality and Healthcare—Common Grounds for the Secular and Religious Worlds and Its Clinical Implications

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Marcelo Saad ◽  
Roberta de Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Spiritual Dimension ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

The spiritual dimension of patients has progressively gained more relevance in healthcare in the last decades. However, the term “spiritual” is an open, fluid concept and, for health purposes, no definition of spirituality is universally accepted. Health professionals and researchers have the challenge to cover the entire spectrum of the spiritual level in their practice. This is particularly difficult because most healthcare courses do not prepare their graduates in this field. They also need to face acts of prejudice by their peers or their managers. Here, the authors aim to clarify some common grounds between secular and religious worlds in the realm of spirituality and healthcare. This is a conceptual manuscript based on the available scientific literature and on the authors’ experience. The text explores the secular and religious intersection involving spirituality and healthcare, together with the common ground shared by the two fields, and consequent clinical implications. Summarisations presented here can be a didactic beginning for practitioners or scholars involved in health or behavioural sciences. The authors think this construct can favour accepting the patient’s spiritual dimension importance by healthcare professionals, treatment institutes, and government policies.

scholarly journals William James and 18th-century anthropology

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
William James ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Traditional Philosophy ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science (in particular biology and medicine) and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology.

scholarly journals Logics of Common Ground

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 859-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Miller ◽  
Jens Pfau ◽  
Liz Sonenberg ◽  
Yoshihisa Kashima
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Modal Logics ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Formal Definitions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Agent Collaboration ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

According to Clark's seminal work on common ground and grounding, participants collaborating in a joint activity rely on their shared information, known as common ground, to perform that activity successfully, and continually align and augment this information during their collaboration. Similarly, teams of human and artificial agents require common ground to successfully participate in joint activities. Indeed, without appropriate information being shared, using agent autonomy to reduce the workload on humans may actually increase workload as the humans seek to understand why the agents are behaving as they are. While many researchers have identified the importance of common ground in artificial intelligence, there is no precise definition of common ground on which to build the foundational aspects of multi-agent collaboration. In this paper, building on previously-defined modal logics of belief, we present logic definitions for four different types of common ground. We define modal logics for three existing notions of common ground and introduce a new notion of common ground, called salient common ground. Salient common ground captures the common ground of a group participating in an activity and is based on the common ground that arises from that activity as well as on the common ground they shared prior to the activity. We show that the four definitions share some properties, and our analysis suggests possible refinements of the existing informal and semi-formal definitions.

Isolation and characterization of oleochemical compounds from watermelon seed

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
Madhubhushan M ◽  
Seshaiah S ◽  
Chandrudu J ◽  
Sagar R ◽  
Akila CR
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Fatty Esters ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
The Common ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Natural Gradation

The common watermelon item (Citrullus lanatus) seeds were gained from castoffs verdant nourishments for use by decorating, sun ventilation and pulverizing. Light yellow-toned oil was gotten by dissolvable withdrawal using oil atmosphere and the going with traits were gotten using oil ether: pH, refractive rundown, thickness, dissolvable miscibility, coagulating temperature, fire nature, express gravity, streak point and warmth of consuming. With a shallow level of unsaturation, stepped level of smoothness, and proximity of raised degree of the sensible proportion of free unsaturated fats. The low assessment of the solidifying temperature of the oil offered a hint that the oil can be managed in various areas paying little heed to the qualification in temperature. The following level of linoleic destructive of the oil offers a hint of natural gradation of solidarity. Fatty esters are increasing expanding significance as a biodegradable swap for mineral oils. In some request regions, for example, cutting tool oil, gearbox, pressure-driven oils, and greases for raw petroleum creation, the oleochemical items are set up. Nonetheless, certain particular wellsprings of fatty esters are hitherto to be abused for this comparative reason. This exploration subsequently tests into one of the less used wellsprings of fatty esters in watermelon. The oil from the kernels demonstrations a top-notch yield presents significant utilitarian gatherings for change and thus was utilized to set up an assortment of oleochemicals which demonstrated excellence materials in contrast with the routinely utilized oils feed frameworks for oleochemicals after portrayal. The photopolymers acquired indicated piercing vinyl protons for consistent polymerize.

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENT FEATURES OF HAND GESTURES IN AMERICAN AND KYRGYZ CULTURES

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Avtandil kyzy Ya
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Hand Gestures ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Cultures

Abstract: This paper highlights similarities and different features of the category of kinesics “hand gestures”, its frequency usage and acceptance by different individuals in two different cultures. This study shows its similarities, differences and importance of the gestures, for people in both cultures. Consequently, kinesics study was mentioned as a main part of body language. As indicated in the article, the study kinesics was not presented in the Kyrgyz culture well enough, though Kyrgyz people use hand gestures a lot in their everyday life. The research paper begins with the common definition of hand gestures as a part of body language, several handshake categories like: the finger squeeze, the limp fish, the two-handed handshake were explained by several statements in the English and Kyrgyz languages. Furthermore, this article includes definitions and some idioms containing hand, shake, squeeze according to the Oxford and Academic Dictionary to show readers the figurative meanings of these common words. The current study was based on the books of writers Allan and Barbara Pease “The definite book of body language” 2004, Romana Lefevre “Rude hand gestures of the world”2011 etc. Key words: kinesics, body language, gestures, acoustics, applause, paralanguage, non-verbal communication, finger squeeze, perceptions, facial expressions. Аннотация. Бул макалада вербалдык эмес сүйлѳшүүнүн бѳлүгү болуп эсептелген “колдордун жандоо кыймылы”, алардын эки башка маданиятта колдонулушу, айырмачылыгы жана окшош жактары каралган. Макаланын максаты болуп “колдордун жандоо кыймылынын” мааниси, айырмасы жана эки маданиятта колдонулушу эсептелет. Ошону менен бирге, вербалдык эмес сүйлѳшүүнүн бѳлүгү болуп эсептелген “кинесика” илими каралган. Берилген макалада кѳрсѳтүлгѳндѳй, “кинесика” илими кыргыз маданиятында толугу менен изилденген эмес, ошого карабастан “кинесика” илиминин бѳлүгү болуп эсептелген “колдордун жандоо кыймылы” кыргыз элинин маданиятында кѳп колдонулат. Андан тышкары, “колдордун жандоо кыймылынын” бир нече түрү, англис жана кыргыз тилдеринде ма- селен аркылуу берилген.Тѳмѳнкү изилдѳѳ ишин жазууда чет элдик жазуучулардын эмгектери колдонулду. Түйүндүү сѳздѳр: кинесика, жандоо кыймылы, акустика,кол чабуулар, паралингвистика, вербалдык эмес баарлашуу,кол кысуу,кабыл алуу сезими. Аннотация. В данной статье рассматриваются сходства и различия “жестикуляции” и частота ее использования, в американской и кыргызской культурах. Следовательно, здесь было упомянуто понятие “кинесика” как основная часть языка тела. Как указано в статье, “кинесика” не была представлена в кыргызской культуре достаточно хорошо, хотя кыргызский народ часто использует жестикуляцию в повседневной жизни. Исследовательская работа начинается с общего определения “жестикуляции” как части языка тела и несколько категорий жестикуляции, таких как: сжатие пальца, слабое рукопожатие, рукопожатие двумя руками, были объяснены несколькими примерами на английском и кыргызском языках. Кроме того, эта статья включает определения слов “рука”, “рукопожатие”, “сжатие” и некоторые идиомы, содержащие данных слов согласно Оксфордскому и Академическому словарю, чтобы показать читателям их образное значение. Данное исследование было основано на книгах писателей Аллана и Барбары Пиз «Определенная книга языка тела» 2004 года, Романа Лефевра «Грубые жестикуляции мира» 2011 года и т.д. Ключевые слова: кинесика, язык жестов, жесты, акустика, аплодисменты, паралингвистика, невербальная коммуникация, сжатие пальца, чувство восприятия, выражение лиц.

Reason as an Idea

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael LeBuffe
Keyword(s):  
The Common ◽  
Rational Knowledge ◽  
Human Kind

Spinoza’s characterization of ideas of reason in Ethics 2 makes reason distinctive both psychologically and epistemologically. Psychologically, ideas of reason are frequently present to mind and, as a result, powerful influences on human belief and action; a notable class of ideas of reason, the common notions, are always present to mind. Within such ideas we always regard certain properties to be present in the objects of our experience. Epistemologically, ideas of reason are a distinctively human kind of knowledge, where we cannot immediately know the essences of singular things, as on many views gods or angels might. Instead, in the first instance, rational knowledge is knowledge of properties of things in experience. From such knowledge, Spinoza argues, we can also come to further knowledge by means of processes, and it is these processes that closely resemble what many readers today will recognize as reasoning.

The Semantics of Evidentials

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Truth Conditional ◽  
The Common ◽  
Issue Content

This book gives a compositional, truth‐conditional, crosslinguistic semantics for evidentials set in a theory of the semantics for sentential mood. Central to this semantics is a proposal about a distinction between what propositional content is at‐issue, roughly primary or proffered, and what content is not‐at‐issue. Evidentials contribute not‐at‐issue content, more specifically what I will call a not‐at‐issue restriction. In addition, evidentials can affect the level of commitment a sentence makes to the main proposition, contributed by sentential mood. Building on recent work in the formal semantics of evidentials and related phenomena, the proposed semantics does not appeal to separate dimensions of illocutionary meaning. Instead, I argue that all sentences make three contributions: at‐issue content, not‐at‐issue content, and an illocutionary relation. At‐issue content is presented, made available for subsequent anaphora, but is not directly added to the common ground. Not‐at‐issue content directly updates the common ground. The illocutionary relation uses the at‐issue content to impose structure on the common ground, which, depending on the clause type (e.g., declarative, interrogative), can trigger further updates. Empirical support for this proposal comes from Cheyenne (Algonquian, primary data from the author’s fieldwork), English, and a wide variety of languages that have been discussed in the literature on evidentials.

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