scholarly journals Logics of Common Ground

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 859-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Miller ◽  
Jens Pfau ◽  
Liz Sonenberg ◽  
Yoshihisa Kashima
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Modal Logics ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Formal Definitions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Agent Collaboration ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

According to Clark's seminal work on common ground and grounding, participants collaborating in a joint activity rely on their shared information, known as common ground, to perform that activity successfully, and continually align and augment this information during their collaboration. Similarly, teams of human and artificial agents require common ground to successfully participate in joint activities. Indeed, without appropriate information being shared, using agent autonomy to reduce the workload on humans may actually increase workload as the humans seek to understand why the agents are behaving as they are. While many researchers have identified the importance of common ground in artificial intelligence, there is no precise definition of common ground on which to build the foundational aspects of multi-agent collaboration. In this paper, building on previously-defined modal logics of belief, we present logic definitions for four different types of common ground. We define modal logics for three existing notions of common ground and introduce a new notion of common ground, called salient common ground. Salient common ground captures the common ground of a group participating in an activity and is based on the common ground that arises from that activity as well as on the common ground they shared prior to the activity. We show that the four definitions share some properties, and our analysis suggests possible refinements of the existing informal and semi-formal definitions.

Exploring the Common Ground of Virtual Communities

2002 ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Dirksen ◽  
Bas Smit
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Virtual Community ◽  
Constructive Work ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
The Common ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Definition Of

A great deal of the literature on virtual communities evolves around classifying the phenomenon1 while much empirically constructive work on the topic has not been conducted yet. Therefore, the research discussed in this paper proposes to explore the actual field of the virtual community (VC). By means of a comparative ethnographic research, virtual communities are to be defined in terms of their inherent social activity, the interaction between the groups of people and the information and communication technology (ICT), and the meanings attached to it by its members. This chapter will report on the initial propositions, research questions and approach of the explorative research of working towards a “workable definition” of virtual communities. It will also present its “work to be done” which will ultimately form the basis of moving beyond defining virtual communities, i.e., actually designing and deploying one.

scholarly journals Safety of SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Pharmacovigilance Study from 2013 to 2021 Based on FAERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Zhou ◽  
Xiaofei Ye ◽  
Xiaojing Guo ◽  
Dongxu Liu ◽  
Jinfang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Medical Event ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nutrition Disorders ◽  
The Common ◽  
Medical Dictionary ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Important Medical Event ◽  
System Organ

Background: Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are widely used in clinical practice for their demonstrated cardiorenal benefits, but multiple adverse events (AEs) have been reported. We aimed to describe the distribution of SGLT2i-related AEs in different systems and identify important medical event (IME) signals for SGLT2i.Methods: Data from the first quarter (Q1) of 2013–2021 Q2 in FAERS were selected to conduct disproportionality analysis. The definition of AEs and IMEs relied on the system organ classes (SOCs) and preferred terms (PTs) by the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA-version 24.0). Two signal indicators, the reported odds ratio (ROR) and information component (IC), were used to estimate the association between SGLT2is and IMEs.Results: A total of 57,818 records related to SGLT2i, with 22,537 SGLT2i-IME pairs. Most SGLT2i-related IMEs occurred in monotherapy (N = 21,408, 94.99%). Significant signals emerged at the following SOCs: “metabolism and nutrition disorders” (N = 9,103; IC025 = 4.26), “renal and urinary disorders” (3886; 1.20), “infections and infestations” (3457; 0.85). The common strong signals were observed in diabetic ketoacidosis, ketoacidosis, euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis and Fournier’s gangrene. Unexpected safety signals such as cellulitis, osteomyelitis, cerebral infarction and nephrolithiasis were detected.Conclusion: Our pharmacovigilance analysis showed that a high frequency was reported for IMEs triggered by SGLT2i monotherapy. Different SGLT2is caused different types and the association strengths of IMEs, while they also shared some specific PTs. Most of the results are generally consistent with previous studies, and more pharmacoepidemiological studies are needed to validate for unexpected AEs. Based on risk-benefit considerations, clinicians should be well informed about important medical events that may be aggravated by SGLT2is.

Common Ground

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Stokke
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter provides a detailed account of the notion of the common ground of conversations, which plays a central role in the Stalnakerian account of assertion that the book relies on for its characterization of lying. The chapter specifies that common ground information is defined in terms of acceptance, rather than belief, and shows how this feature allows that bald-faced lies are assertions. Moreover, the chapter demonstrates how the Stalnakerian conception of communication makes room for bald-faced implicatures. A number of objections to this picture of assertion and the common ground definition of lying are rebutted, including issues concerning the notion of proposing information for common ground uptake, as well as problems involving metaphor and malapropism.

The intelligent technology of smart fishing using a heterogeneous ensemble of unmanned vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Sherstjuk V.G. ◽  
◽  
Zharikova M.V. ◽  
Sokol I.V. ◽  
Levkivskyi R.M. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Unmanned Vehicles ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Illegal Fishing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coordination Framework ◽  
Intelligent Technology ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Heterogeneous Ensemble

The paper addresses the use of heterogeneous ensembles of intelligent unmanned vehicles in such a perspective field of innovations as an unmanned fishery. The issues of joint activity of unmanned vehicles of different types in fishing operations based on intelligent technologies are investigated. The “smart fishing” approach based on the joint fishing operation model is proposed. The operational framework that includes missions, roles, and activity scenarios embedded in the discretized spatial model is presented. The scenario activities are considered as the sequences of pentad that determine executing specific functions concerning the specified waypoint, timepoints, and the states of vehicles. The definition of the plan as the scenario prototype that needs adjusting to the conditions of the situational context is proposed. The coordination problem regarding the joint activities of the unmanned vehicles and their scenarios is defined and the coordination framework based on the distributed common board model and coordination primitives is presented. The prototype of the intelligent scenario-based system including the implementation of both operational and coordination frameworks developed for the control of unmanned vehicles is described. This system makes unmanned vehicles capable to absorb all the latest advances in intelligent technologies to perform smart fishing operations jointly in a large heterogeneous group. The proposed approach to smart fishing using intelligent technologies makes it possible to detach fishermen from the fishing activities dangerous to their life and health, to reduce significantly poaching and illegal fishing, to increase the overall efficiency of fishing operations, and even to save the marine ecosystem.

scholarly journals Spirituality and Healthcare—Common Grounds for the Secular and Religious Worlds and Its Clinical Implications

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Marcelo Saad ◽  
Roberta de Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Spiritual Dimension ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

The spiritual dimension of patients has progressively gained more relevance in healthcare in the last decades. However, the term “spiritual” is an open, fluid concept and, for health purposes, no definition of spirituality is universally accepted. Health professionals and researchers have the challenge to cover the entire spectrum of the spiritual level in their practice. This is particularly difficult because most healthcare courses do not prepare their graduates in this field. They also need to face acts of prejudice by their peers or their managers. Here, the authors aim to clarify some common grounds between secular and religious worlds in the realm of spirituality and healthcare. This is a conceptual manuscript based on the available scientific literature and on the authors’ experience. The text explores the secular and religious intersection involving spirituality and healthcare, together with the common ground shared by the two fields, and consequent clinical implications. Summarisations presented here can be a didactic beginning for practitioners or scholars involved in health or behavioural sciences. The authors think this construct can favour accepting the patient’s spiritual dimension importance by healthcare professionals, treatment institutes, and government policies.

scholarly journals Verbose exponence: integrating the typologies of distributed and multiple exponence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Formal Definitions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Precise Interpretation

Multiple exponence is the multiple marking of the same feature or category within a single word. Distributed exponence is the occurrence of morphological structure such that providing a precise interpretation of a category can only be determined after considering more than one morphological formative. I propose the term verbose exponence to capture the common ground between these phenomena, i.e. all situations involving multiple morphological formatives sensitive to some common information. From this definition, a typology based on informational overlap emerges with types of verbose exponence corresponding to types of set interactions. The typology incorporates known related phenomena, such as overlapping exponence, while providing a sophisticated framework for describing previously unnamed phenomena. This typology is naturally cast in set-theoretic terms and formal definitions are provided for all assumptions and points in the typology. Such an approach provides precise articulations of the typological space but also of morphological redundancy, a property often associated with multiple exponence.

scholarly journals William James and 18th-century anthropology

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
William James ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Traditional Philosophy ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science (in particular biology and medicine) and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology.

scholarly journals Discourse update at the service of mirativity effects: the case of the Discursive Dative

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elitzur Bar-Asher Siegal ◽  
Nora Boneh
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Inclusion Relation ◽  
Classic Model ◽  
Speech Event ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Truth Conditional ◽  
The Common ◽  
Discourse Management

The classic model of conversation based on the Common Ground (CG), introduced by Karttunen (1974), Lewis (1979) and Stalnaker (1978), was shown to be insufficient for accounting for various conversational phenomena (inter alia Portner 2004, 2007, Farkas & Bruce 2009, Murray 2014). This paper further strengthens this line by analyzing a type of non-truth conditional non-core dative termed the Discursive Dative (DD) as a discourse management device (Krifka 2008, Repp 2013). The DD signals that the asserted proposition p constitutes an exception to a normative generalization believed by the speaker to be shared by the speech event participants. In order to capture the notion of exception we propose to divide the CG into two sets of worlds, those consistent with previous assertions and their presuppositions (CGA) and those consistent with generalizations (CGG). The DD signals a non-inclusion relation between the asserted proposition and the CGG. This enables us to distinguish between different types of mirativity effects, by drawing a distinction between adding a proposition p that was not previously in the speaker’s expectation-set (inter alia DeLancey 1997, 2001, Rett 2009, Peterson 2013, Rett & Murray 2013) and the present case of the DD, where p can very well be in the speaker’s expectation-set, but objectively expected that ~p. 

scholarly journals Pan-genomics: Unmasking the gene diversity hidden in the bacteria species.

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis David Alcaraz
Keyword(s):  
Core Genome ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence ◽  
Sequence Comparisons ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

The dramatic increase in genome sequencing during the last years has changed our ideas about bacteria diversity, from single gene to whole community DNA surveys; we have learned that the nature largest gene repository resides in bacteria. Comparison of bacteria genomes has contributed to understand the flexibility in size and gene content as well as the gene movement due to gene family expansions and Horizontal Gene Transfer. Bacteria species are currently defined by means of 16S rRNA sequence comparisons and some limited phenotypic traits. There is an ongoing debate about the biological and evolutive significance of the bacteria species, and thus the need of refine the definition of it using the most of the genomic shared information. When comparing multiple genomes of related strains we can divide the common shared features like the core genome, and the strain specific genes are known as accessory genome, both accessory and core genome as the total of the genetic composition are known as pan-genome. Here we present the possibilities using pan-genomics as a workhorse to describe both taxonomical and functional diversity within bacteria.

scholarly journals Uncommon ground

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Macagno ◽  
Alessandro Capone
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Presupposition Triggers ◽  
Presumptive Reasoning ◽  
Complex Cases

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show how microargumentation mechanisms of presumptive reasoning and reasoning from best explanation can be used to explain some cases of presupposition suspension. It will be shown how the relationship between presupposition triggers and pragmatic presuppositions can be analyzed in terms of presumptive and nonpresumptive polyphonic articulation of an utterance, resulting in different types of commitments for the interlocutors. This approach is grounded on the two interconnected notions of presumptions and commitments. In some complex cases of presupposition suspension, the speaker presumes the hearer’s acceptance of, and commitment to, propositions that do not belong to the common ground or that have been explicitly rejected as being commonly shared. This phenomenon triggers a complex type of reasoning that can be represented as kind of abduction, grounded on hierarchies of presumptions and aimed at providing an interpretation that solves this conflict of presumptions. Several cases of presupposition suspension will be shown to result from nonpresumptive polyphonic articulations, in which different voices responsible for distinct commitments are distinguished. By indirectly reporting an element of discourse, the speaker can refuse to take responsibility for the presupposed proposition, and correct the commitments that may result for him or her. This polyphonic treatment of utterances can explain how and why a presupposition is suspended, and can be used to identify the conflicting presumptions that can be further solved through reasoning from best explanation. This reasoning can result in a different reconstruction of the developed logical form or the illocutionary force of an utterance.

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