Conclusions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephany Griffith-Jones ◽  
José Antonio Ocampo ◽  
Paola Arias
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
National Development ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Production Sector ◽  
New Instruments ◽  
Innovation And Entrepreneurship

Based on the seven case studies analysed in this volume, this chapter concludes that national development banks (NDBs) have been successful in many cases in supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, key new sectors like renewable energy, and financial inclusion. They have developed new instruments, such as far greater use of guarantees, equity (including venture capital) and debt funds, and new instruments for financial inclusion. The context in which they operate is key to their success. Active countercyclical policies, low inflation, fairly low real interest rates, a well-functioning financial sector, and competitive exchange rates are crucial. They are also more effective if the country has a clear development strategy, linked to production sector strategies that foster innovative sectors. Under these conditions, the chapter argues that there is great need for a larger scale of NDB activity in Latin America and in developing countries in general.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penerapan Inklusi Keuangan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Firdha Aksari Anindyntha
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
National Development ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Least Square ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Pls Analysis ◽  
Independent Variable

The creation of financial system stability through the application of financial inclusion is a national development strategy to encourage economic growth. Financial inclusion consists of three indices, namely availability, access, and usage. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of the application of financial inclusion on economic growth in Indonesia. The method in this study uses Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis because the independent variable (financial inclusion index) is a latent variable that has many indicators. The results of the analysis show that of the three financial inclusion indices, there are two indices that influence economic growth, namely availability with indicators of ATM machine availability and access with indicators of account ownership, debit cards, and e-money cards.

scholarly journals Forecasting Non Performing Assets for Indian Banking Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 5273-5279
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Indian Banks

The Banking sector is considered backbone of the economy and has an essential role to play in the development of a nation. The persistent rise in Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) of the Indian banking sector now has become a cause for concern for the economy. The governmenst in developing countries such as India push for financial inclusion, leading to increase in the risk associated with bank’s asset. With this backdrop, this paper has been designed to analyze the problem of NPAs in the Indian banking system. This paper shall explore unique method to forecast the NPAs in Indian banking system in 2019 by using Tableau Software. To enable the said research the following variables, such as, Interest rates in relation to inflation rates, GDP & per-capita income, the banking norms as given the RBI and BASEL norms and studying the existing Gross and net NPAs of banks; are used. The focus is to design a model that would play a pivotal role for forecasting the future NPAs with reference to the Indian banks.

scholarly journals Leapfrogging in China's Renewable Electricity Development Pathway?  The Roles of Policy Frameworks, Innovation and International Cooperation Partnerships in Fostering Renewable Electricity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Patrick Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Policy Frameworks

<p>The topic of this thesis is China's transition to a sustainable and low-carbon energy system based predominantly on renewable electricity supply. The specific focus is the concept of leapfrogging, frequently proposed as an alternative development strategy for China and other large developing countries to bypass the historical energy-intensive and polluting stages of development of the already industrialised countries. The thesis poses the question whether leapfrogging in China's renewable electricity sector occurred in the period from 2005 to 2010 and what the future potential for leapfrogging is. The specific technology focus of the thesis is renewable electricity and to some lesser degree renewable energy for heating. In this context five main areas have been looked at in detail: decentralised renewable energy technologies for rural development, innovative capacity and development of China's emerging renewable energy companies, application of renewable electricity and electricity saving technologies in China's cities, application and use of renewable technologies for large-scale electricity generation and China's national energy system as a whole. Two main bodies of theory are used as a conceptual framework to support the analysis: socio-technical innovation systems and global environmental governance with a focus on multi-stakeholder partnerships. This multi-disciplinary approach is applied to identify and analyse the roles of domestic policies, socio-technical innovation and international cooperation partnerships for renewable electricity development. In this context the thesis specifically analyses the effectiveness of China's national and local policy frameworks in facilitating transition processes and supporting innovation for renewable electricity development. Furthermore, the contribution of international cooperation initiatives and partnerships to renewable electricity development and leapfrogging is analysed. The research results show that leapfrogging in China's renewable electricity development to date has occurred only in some selected cases. Environmental leapfrogging, a reduction of environmental impacts through renewable energies replacing fossil fuels, has not yet occurred. China's policy frameworks and national targets have been crucial for fast development of renewable electricity technologies in the period 2005-2010. Further refinements and more ambition would be required to facilitate leapfrogging as national development strategy. China's institutional framework for energy governance is still fragmented, which impacts on the effectiveness and implementation of policies. International partnerships for technology transfer, capacity building and policy dialogues are a key element in the transition to an energy system based on renewables and are interlinked with China's national innovation system and support policies for renewable electricity. Despite China's rapid development of renewable electricity, further cooperation for technology transfer, specifically policy dialogues and capacity building, will be crucial in the future. On a conceptual level, the research shows that the concept and definitions of leapfrogging so far are still very vague and would require further research in order to develop the concept of leapfrogging into an analytical framework and practical guiding principle for developing countries.</p>

National Development Finance in Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Stephany Griffith-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
National Development ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Development Banks ◽  
Privately Financed ◽  
Combat Climate Change

This chapter focuses on the roles of National Development Banks (NDBs) in emerging and developing economies. They finance investment in sectors key for dynamic and sustainable growth, both through their own lending, and by catalyzing private finance. For NDBs to contribute significantly to avoiding a middle-income trap, there are several conditions: they must be “good,” well-run development banks, their scale must be sufficiently large to help meet investment needs on a significant scale, and there must be a clear national development strategy, for NDBs to implement. This chapter stresses NDBs contribution to financing investment in innovative sectors and infrastructure. This is complementary to supporting provision of public goods, particularly investments that help combat climate change and financial inclusion. NDBs should provide counter-cyclical financing in the busts, when privately-financed investment tends to decline and NDB lending increases to help maintain crucial investment, and in booms, when lending by NDBs should slow down.

Exchange Rate Forecasting Based on Fundamental Macroeconomic Variables in a Floating Exchange Rate Regime

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Yesim Helhel ◽  
Seref Kalayci
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Exchange Rate Forecasting ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Fixed Exchange Rate ◽  
Macroeconomic Fundamentals

Developing countries had a fixed exchange rate regime and avoided financial liberalization until the 1990’s. In the early 2000’s however, most of the developing countries abandoned their fixed exchange rate regimes in favor of floating rate regimes which in turn increased the importance of exchange rate forecasting in the emerging market economies. This paper intends to explain TR/USD (Turkish Lira/American Dollar) exchange rates by using macroeconomic fundamentals for the period between February 2001 and December 2009 on a monthly basis. A Vector Auto Regression (VAR) method is used. Among the macroeconomic Fundamentals, United States Federal Reserve Benchmark interest rates, one month Turkish Treasury Bill yields, Turkish import/export rates, m2 money supply and foreign direct investment explain the changes in TR / USD exchange rates.

scholarly journals Monetary policy independence and floating exchange rates: what does the Brazilian evidence tell us?

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
CARLOS EDUARDO SOARES GONÇALVES
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Real Interest Rates ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Exchange Rate Pass Through ◽  
Floating Exchange Rates ◽  
Fear Of Floating

ABSTRACT Some authors have advocated that shifting from fixed exchange rates to floating regimes has not delivered better economic outcomes to developing countries. As the argument goes, pervasive fear of floating in these economies has prevented drops in real interest rates and, more importantly, has been a hindrance in the way towards more monetary policy autonomy. This paper presents evidence suggesting this may not be the case for Brazil. More precisely, there are signs that fear of floating was less acute here (presumably due to low exchange rate pass-through) than elsewhere, and also that policymakers are now targeting monetary policy principally to domestic objectives.

scholarly journals Leapfrogging in China's Renewable Electricity Development Pathway?  The Roles of Policy Frameworks, Innovation and International Cooperation Partnerships in Fostering Renewable Electricity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Patrick Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Policy Frameworks

<p>The topic of this thesis is China's transition to a sustainable and low-carbon energy system based predominantly on renewable electricity supply. The specific focus is the concept of leapfrogging, frequently proposed as an alternative development strategy for China and other large developing countries to bypass the historical energy-intensive and polluting stages of development of the already industrialised countries. The thesis poses the question whether leapfrogging in China's renewable electricity sector occurred in the period from 2005 to 2010 and what the future potential for leapfrogging is. The specific technology focus of the thesis is renewable electricity and to some lesser degree renewable energy for heating. In this context five main areas have been looked at in detail: decentralised renewable energy technologies for rural development, innovative capacity and development of China's emerging renewable energy companies, application of renewable electricity and electricity saving technologies in China's cities, application and use of renewable technologies for large-scale electricity generation and China's national energy system as a whole. Two main bodies of theory are used as a conceptual framework to support the analysis: socio-technical innovation systems and global environmental governance with a focus on multi-stakeholder partnerships. This multi-disciplinary approach is applied to identify and analyse the roles of domestic policies, socio-technical innovation and international cooperation partnerships for renewable electricity development. In this context the thesis specifically analyses the effectiveness of China's national and local policy frameworks in facilitating transition processes and supporting innovation for renewable electricity development. Furthermore, the contribution of international cooperation initiatives and partnerships to renewable electricity development and leapfrogging is analysed. The research results show that leapfrogging in China's renewable electricity development to date has occurred only in some selected cases. Environmental leapfrogging, a reduction of environmental impacts through renewable energies replacing fossil fuels, has not yet occurred. China's policy frameworks and national targets have been crucial for fast development of renewable electricity technologies in the period 2005-2010. Further refinements and more ambition would be required to facilitate leapfrogging as national development strategy. China's institutional framework for energy governance is still fragmented, which impacts on the effectiveness and implementation of policies. International partnerships for technology transfer, capacity building and policy dialogues are a key element in the transition to an energy system based on renewables and are interlinked with China's national innovation system and support policies for renewable electricity. Despite China's rapid development of renewable electricity, further cooperation for technology transfer, specifically policy dialogues and capacity building, will be crucial in the future. On a conceptual level, the research shows that the concept and definitions of leapfrogging so far are still very vague and would require further research in order to develop the concept of leapfrogging into an analytical framework and practical guiding principle for developing countries.</p>

The efficiency of the monodirectional economic policy of smaller countries during the globalization and multipolar world

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 929-949
Author(s):  
A.M. Chernysheva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
National Development ◽  
Current Phase ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Former Ussr

Subject. After the collapse of the USSR, smaller countries chose different paths in their economic policy during the globalization and the multipolar world. The EU, USA and Russia made a palpable contribution to the economic policy of smaller countries. Some countries of the former USSR failed to find their course, while the others immediately followed their development strategy and stuck to it persistently. Objectives. I examine the economics of the monodirectional strategy of smaller countries of the former USSR. I also evaluate how the countries found their position among different leading countries as points of attraction. The study is based on the assumption that the single direction of the national development and adherence to the same point of attraction will ensure the sustainable development. However, the economic development level depends on the health of a certain economy as a point of attraction. Methods. The study is based on the systems approach, comparative and statistical methods for analyzing macroeconomic data series. Results. I investigated the dynamics of key macroeconomic data in the Republic of Belarus, Latvia and Estonia, such as GDP per capita in current values, unemployment rate and Purchasing Power Index. Given the current phase of globalization and multipolar world, it is crucial for smaller countries to choose a development strategy to follow persistently and achieve proper macroeconomic indicators that depend on the economic stability of counties they treat as their benchmarks. Conclusions and Relevance. I should mention the successful economic policy of Estonia and Latvia, which followed the same course as the other EU countries, as opposed to the Republic of Belarus tending to the policy of the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, the monodirectional development strategy also helps smaller countries ensure their economic stability.

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