Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 180-202
Author(s):  
Casey O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Empirical Psychology ◽  
Perceptual Consciousness ◽  
Philosophy Of Perception

This chapter recounts the arguments and conclusions reached in preceding chapters concerning the respects in which perception and perceptual consciousness involve the coordinated use of multiple senses. It provides a synopsis of considerations favoring a richly multisensory account of perceptual processes, capacities, awareness, and experience. It retraces the book’s approach to differentiating senses construed as bundles of perceptual capacities unified and distinguished by the manner in which they are exercised, and to distinguishing perception from extraperceptual cognition by means of the explanatory roles the distinction plays in empirical psychology, rational psychology, and phenomenology. It describes the theoretical consequences of multisensory perception, negative and positive, and it explains their significance. The chapter concludes with the implications and future directions for a multisensory philosophy of perception.

Epilogue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno and
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Multisensory Interactions ◽  
Contemporary Work ◽  
New Perspective

Multisensory interactions in perception are pervasive and fundamental, as we have documented throughout this book. In this final chapter, we propose that contemporary work on multisensory processing is a paradigm shift in perception science, calling for a radical reconsideration of empirical and theoretical questions within an entirely new perspective. In making our case, we emphasize that multisensory perception is the norm, not the exception, and we remark that multisensory interactions can occur early in sensory processing. We reiterate the key notions that multisensory interactions come in different kinds and that principles of multisensory processing must be considered when tackling multisensory daily-life problems. We discuss the role of unisensory processing in a multisensory world, and we conclude by suggesting future directions for the multisensory field.

Perceptual Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Thomas Reid ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Philosophy Of Perception ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Perceptual Systems

Experts from wine tasters to radiologists to bird watchers have all undergone perceptual learning—that is, long-term changes in perception that result from practice or experience. Philosophers have been discussing such cases for centuries, from the fourteenth-century Indian philosopher Vedānta Deśika to the eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid to a great many contemporary philosophers. This book uses recent evidence from psychology and neuroscience to show that perceptual learning is genuinely perceptual, rather than post-perceptual. It also offers a way for philosophers to distinguish between various different types of it, from changes in how one attends to the learned ability to differentiate two properties or to perceive two properties as unified. The book illustrates how this taxonomy can classify cases in the philosophical literature, and then it rethinks several domains in the philosophy of perception in terms of perceptual learning, including multisensory perception, color perception, and speech perception. As a whole, it offers a new philosophical theory of the function of perceptual learning. Perceptual learning embeds into our quick perceptual systems what would be a slower task were it to be done in a controlled, cognitive manner. A novice wine taster drinking a Cabernet Sauvignon may have to think about its features first and then infer the type of wine it is, while an expert identifies it immediately. Perceptual learning frees up cognitive resources for other tasks, such as thinking about the vineyard or the vintage of the wine. All in all, this book explores the nature, scope, and theoretical implications of perceptual learning.

Awareness

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-120
Author(s):  
Casey O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Rational Action ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Perceptual Consciousness

Perceptual capacities need not be reflected as such in perceptual consciousness. Thus, a subject could possess multisensory perceptual capacities while perceptual consciousness remains sense specific. For instance, a subject could detect and differentiate novel intermodal features without corresponding, irreducibly multisensory perceptual awareness. In response, this chapter argues that perceptual awareness of an object or feature sometimes is constitutively, irreducibly multisensory. In particular, it argues that the exercise of multisensory perceptual capacities can serve to make features that are not otherwise perceptible available to conscious subjects for use in thought, reasoning, and rational action. Multisensory perception thereby fixes which features are occurrently accessible to conscious perceiving subjects. The implication is that multisensory perceptual awareness cannot fully be captured in terms of sense-specific awareness.

Experience

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-153
Author(s):  
Casey O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Phenomenal Character ◽  
Phenomenal Consciousness ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Perceptual Consciousness ◽  
The Senses

This chapter argues that perceptual experience is richly multisensory. In particular, phenomenal consciousness is constitutively and irreducibly multisensory. The reason is that the phenomenal character of a conscious multisensory episode can include more than what is associated with each of the respective senses plus whatever accrues due to simple co-consciousness. Exercising multisensory capacities thus makes a phenomenal difference to perceptual consciousness. This difference can obtain whether or not it would enable a subject to discriminate between two otherwise equivalent experiences. It follows that the character of a perceptual episode is not exhausted by what belongs to each of the senses. Therefore, not all perceptual experience is modality specific. Coordination among the senses thus makes possible new forms of perceptual consciousness. Multisensory perception extends the varieties of experience.

A Multisensory Philosophy of Perception

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Sense Perception ◽  
Perceptual Consciousness ◽  
Philosophy Of Perception ◽  
Perceptual Illusions ◽  
The World ◽  
Multisensory Interactions ◽  
Over Time

This book argues that human perception and perceptual consciousness are richly multisensory. Its thesis is that the coordinated use of multiple senses enhances and extends human perceptual capacities and consciousness in three critical ways. First, crossmodal perceptual illusions reveal hidden multisensory interactions that typically make the senses more coherent and reliable sources of evidence about the environment. Second, the joint use of multiple senses discloses more of the world, including novel features and qualities, making possible new forms of perceptual experience. Third, through crossmodal dependence, plasticity, and perceptual learning, each sense is reshaped by the influence of others, at a time and over time. The implication is that no sense—not even vision itself—can be understood entirely in isolation from the others. This undermines the prevailing approach to perception, which proceeds sense by sense, and sets the stage for a revisionist multisensory approach that illuminates the nature, scope, and character of sense perception.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Casey O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Sense Perception ◽  
Perceptual Consciousness ◽  
Philosophy Of Perception ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Human Sense

This chapter presents the book’s thesis, its central themes, and its plan of attack. First, it describes the unisensory paradigms for investigating perception that until recently prevailed in science and in philosophy. Next, it introduces the critical respects in which perception is multisensory and explains why this is a problem for unisensory theorizing. Finally, it introduces the central questions any multisensory philosophy of perception must face, and it outlines the answers and arguments in the chapters that follow. The thesis to be defended is that coordination among the senses enhances the coherence and the reliability of human sense perception, extends its reach, and makes possible novel varieties of perceptual consciousness.

scholarly journals The Transactional Horizons of Greta Thunberg

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Daniel Stoecklin
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Central Issue ◽  
Climate Justice ◽  
Childhood Studies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Perceptual Consciousness ◽  
Reflective Consciousness ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
The Social

The paper aims at developing new understandings of agency, or capacity to make a difference, which is a central issue in childhood studies. Sixteen speeches delivered by climate activist Greta Thunberg between 2018 and 2019 are analyzed. The findings reveal 5 core reflexive operations (objectification, personification, sanctification, unification and diversification) underpinning the speeches. This is conducive to the hypothesis that Greta’s audience and the replications of demonstrations for climate justice are bound to 5 transactional horizons (activities, relations, values, images of self and motivations) identified as the symbolic landscapes channeling the social interactions in climate activism. Transactional horizons form a structure of intelligible categories linked to sensatory experience. These vectors of agency twist perceptual consciousness into a hierarchized reflective consciousness. The dominant perspective of agency within structure is challenged by this emerging paradigm of agency through structure, whereby the two terms are seen as fluid and sedimented states. Future directions are identified for interdisciplinary research, contributing to heightened awareness of recursive processes that may impact climate policies.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

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