Subjectivation, Modernity, and Hypermodernity

Modernity is an action, a work (deed) that transforms the relation between a human group and its environment. The notion of “subjectivation” is the way I define human societies’ discovery and their creative capacity. Meanwhile the nation/states’ withdrawal into themselves, the closure of the borders to the full scope of globalization, and the acceptance or refusal of migrants become the central issue of all sociopolitical conflicts, replacing the previous labor-based conflicts that have been at the core of the industrial society. Sociological analysis today addresses the fundamental issue: What is the future of democracy? The answer lies in criticism visà- vis the idea of states and institutions as agents of democracy, and the assertion of a social definition of democracy.

الجذور التاريخية لنشأة الأحزاب السياسية السودانية

This study deals with the historical roots of the formation of Sudanese political parties. The study aimed to analyz and study the historical development of the action of Sudanese national movement, which secreted political currents that began with political organizations and associations that progressed into political parties that lead the national action and realized self-determination and independence. The researcher adopted the historical, descriptive, and analytical methods for gathering data from sources and references for analysis to reach the results (findings) and recommendations guarantee the study’s ending. The study concluded that although the formation of Sudanese political parties was spontaneous, their existence was inevitable to decide the imperialistic vision, which considers that the country does not yet reach the stage that qualifies it to guide itself. The study recommended that Sudanese political parties have to fulfill what they have promised to do to the peoples of the country according to their platform after the attainment of their end of obtaining independence and do not occupy themselves with gaining the voters' votes and neglect the central issue of tasks achievement and the more significant national goals which are represented by a constant constitution for the country and economic growth, and strengthen the ties of national unity.

Conceptual History of the Near East

Conceptual history holds tremendous potential to address a central issue in Near Eastern Studies, namely the formation of modernity in the Near East, provisionally located between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries. The encounter with European powers, primarily Britain and France, was a decisive historical factor in this formation; and European hegemony is, in fact, inscribed into the very concept of “modernity,” which we take as an historical, rather than analytical, concept. The conceptual formation of modernity in Arabic and Turkish was, however, a multilayered process; involving both ruptures and continuities, intersecting various temporalities, and incorporating concepts from several languages. To interrogate this multilayered process, we suggest the metaphor of the Sattelzeit (Saddle Period) as a heuristic tool, precisely because of its being tied to modernity. Finally, the article will show what conceptual history of the Near East has to offer to conceptual history more broadly.

Local adaptation mediated niche expansion in correlation with genetic richness

As a central issue in evolution and ecology, the quantitative relationship among the genome, adaptation and the niche was investigated. Local adaptation of five Escherichia coli strains carrying either the wild-type genome or reduced genomes was achieved by experimental evolution. A high-throughput fitness assay of the ancestor and evolved populations across an environmental gradient of eight niches resulted in a total of 80 fitness curves generated from 2,220 growth curves. Further analyses showed that the increases in both local adaptiveness and niche broadness were negatively correlated with genetic richness. Local adaptation caused common niche expansion, whereas niche expansion for generality or speciality was decided by genetic richness. The order of the mutations accumulated stepwise was correlated with the magnitude of the fitness increase attributed to mutation accumulation. Pre-adaptation probably participated in coordination among genetic richness, local adaptation and niche expansion.

Graduate Students’ Knowledge about Plagiarism in Academic Writing

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Plagiarism is one of academic dishonesty, which has become a central issue in the academic sector. The aims of this study were to investigate students understanding through plagiarism and also to examine the reason why they committed plagiarism. This study used a quantitative approach. To obtain the data, questionnaire and interview were used. The finding showed that their understanding of plagiarism bounded in citing without giving sources. Further, the result showed that lack of knowledge, lack of time and unintentionally committed plagiarism were the top three reasons why the graduate students committed plagiarism.</p><strong>Abstrak:<em> </em></strong>Plagiasi adalah salah satu ketidakjujuran akademik yang menjadi isu utama dalam bidang akademik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menyelidiki pemahaman siswa tentang plagiasi dan untuk mengetahui alasan mengapa mereka melakukan tindakan plagiasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Kuesioner dan wawancara digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman mereka tentang plagiasi hanya terbatas tentang mengutip tanpa memberikan rujukan. Selanjutnya, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kurangnya pengetahuan, waktu, dan kemudahan untuk menemukan materi di internet merupakan tiga alasan utama mengapa mahasiswa pascasarjana melakukan tindakan plagiasi.

The number of Follicle Stem Cells in a Drosophila ovariole.

A paper by Reilein et al (2017) presented several fundamental new insights into the behavior of adult Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary, including evidence that each ovariole hosts a large number of FSCs (14-16) maintained by population asymmetry (Reilein et al., 2017), rather than just two FSCs, dividing with largely individually asymmetric outcomes, as originally proposed (Margolis and Spradling, 1995; Nystul and Spradling, 2007). Fadiga and Nystul (2019) contest some of these conclusions on the basis of their repetition of a multicolor lineage strategy used by Reilein et al (2017) and repetition of earlier single-color lineage analysis. Here we outline a number of shortcomings in the execution and interpretation of those experiments that, in our opinion, undermine their conclusions. The central issue of general relevance concerns the importance of comprehensively analyzing all stem cell lineages, independent of any pre-conceptions, in order to identify all constituents and capture heterogeneous behaviors.

6. Galatians through history

‘Galatians through history’ studies the rich reception history of Paul’s letter to the Galatians, which is one of the shorter works in the Bible. At the turn of the 4th century, it helped shape the new worlds which would emerge as the Roman Empire embraced Christianity. At the Reformation, it was one of the central texts for Martin Luther. Luther’s commentary was a key text for John Bunyan and for the Wesleys. It is important to look at how Paul deals in his letter with the central issue of Law observance and consider how later interpreters of his letter used his ideas and images to shape the life of the Churches in their very different situations.

CANCEL CULTURE AS A HYBRID PATTERN OF POSTMODERN SOCIABILITY

The central issue discussed in this paper concerns the post-modern social development, which has made people – high-ranking officials, persons entrenched in the cultural establishment, intellectuals, and ordinary individuals without public notoriety alike – stew over every publicly uttered word under threat of total “cancellation”. Despite frequent attempts to interpret this phenomenon, now commonly referred to as the cancel culture, in the light of maintaining the hegemony of liberal thought or as a peculiar continuation of political correctness, I shall demonstrate herein that the key function of the cancel culture is the social embedment of disembedded individuals, as part of a global trend of tribalisation of society. This is the result of various processes which accompany the reflexive modernisation and bring about insecurity and distrust as the main characteristics of life in a risk society. Individuals are therefore forced to seek refuge in adopted hybrid patterns of sociability, the cancel culture being only one of them. These patterns arise as a consequence of convergence of pre-modern and post-modern patterns of sociability by means of digital technologies, which become their hybridisation agent.

Genetic interventions, inequalities and the role of the state

A central issue in the ethical public debate on genetic enhancement concerns the inequalities in skills, opportunities and welfare that might be created and established between rich and poor. Many argue that if only the wealthy can have access to enhancements, then existing unjust inequalities will be consolidated and new ones will emerge in the future. Therefore, they argue, state has a role to play against the exacerbating of existing inequalities and the emergence of future ones and determine a genetic policy that will regulate a fair distribution of genetic means under specific principles of justice. This article has two main sections. In the first and shorter section, I examine a case where access to enhancement would be unlimited for everyone. In the second and longer section, I examine the principles that a state should adopt in order to treat the unjust inequalities that could result from limited access to enhancement. Finally, I outline part of my own approach to a just genetic state policy.

The Priority of Common Sense in Philosophy

The aim of this paper is to explore the issue of priority of common sense in philosophy. It is divided into four parts. The first part discusses examples of common-sense beliefs and indicates their specific nature, especially compared to mere common beliefs. The second part explores in more detail the supposed positive epistemic status of common-sense beliefs and the role they play in delimiting plausible philosophical theories. The third part overviews a few attempts to formulate a legitimate argument, or justification, in favor of the positive epistemic status of common-sense beliefs, none of which, however, appears to be clearly successful. Finally, the fourth part addresses the central issue of priority of common sense. Two different types of priority are introduced, epistemic and methodological, and it is argued that only the latter applies to common-sense beliefs. If so, then common-sense beliefs are not to be conceived as cases of knowledge but as the clearest cases of what we believe is knowledge.