Epilogue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno and
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Multisensory Interactions ◽  
Contemporary Work ◽  
New Perspective

Multisensory interactions in perception are pervasive and fundamental, as we have documented throughout this book. In this final chapter, we propose that contemporary work on multisensory processing is a paradigm shift in perception science, calling for a radical reconsideration of empirical and theoretical questions within an entirely new perspective. In making our case, we emphasize that multisensory perception is the norm, not the exception, and we remark that multisensory interactions can occur early in sensory processing. We reiterate the key notions that multisensory interactions come in different kinds and that principles of multisensory processing must be considered when tackling multisensory daily-life problems. We discuss the role of unisensory processing in a multisensory world, and we conclude by suggesting future directions for the multisensory field.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Zillman ◽  
Martha Roggenkamp ◽  
LeRoy Paddock ◽  
Lee Godden
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transition ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Legal Innovation ◽  
Energy Innovation ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Energy Law

The final chapter links contemporary political and economic developments with an historical overview of innovation in energy technologies and energy transition. In order to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement both technological innovation and legal innovation will be essential and wide-ranging. This chapter canvasses the role of governing legal frameworks in facilitating energy innovation. Against this background it provides a summary of the key conclusions from the various chapters and discusses energy law, energy globalization, and energy nationalism. The chapter provides predictions of future directions in energy law and transformation by reference to the three factors of energy markets and new actors, climate change and sustainability, and energy security.

Neural Oscillations Orchestrate Multisensory Processing

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Keil ◽  
Daniel Senkowski
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Distinct Frequency

At any given moment, we receive input through our different sensory systems, and this information needs to be processed and integrated. Multisensory processing requires the coordinated activity of distinct cortical areas. Key mechanisms implicated in these processes include local neural oscillations and functional connectivity between distant cortical areas. Evidence is now emerging that neural oscillations in distinct frequency bands reflect different mechanisms of multisensory processing. Moreover, studies suggest that aberrant neural oscillations contribute to multisensory processing deficits in clinical populations, such as schizophrenia. In this article, we review recent literature on the neural mechanisms underlying multisensory processing, focusing on neural oscillations. We derive a framework that summarizes findings on (1) stimulus-driven multisensory processing, (2) the influence of top-down information on multisensory processing, and (3) the role of predictions for the formation of multisensory perception. We propose that different frequency band oscillations subserve complementary mechanisms of multisensory processing. These processes can act in parallel and are essential for multisensory processing.

Perception

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Bruno ◽  
Francesco Pavani
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Neurological Rehabilitation ◽  
Sensory Deficits ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Human Computer Interfaces ◽  
Multisensory Interactions

Perception: A Multisensory Perspective examines multisensory interactions as the key process behind how we perceive our own body, control its movements, perceive and recognize objects, respond to edible objects, perceive space, and perceive time. In addition, the book discusses multisensory processing in synaesthesia, multisensory attention, and the role of multisensory processing in learning. Multisensory phenomena in these domains are used to identify general principles, to introduce formal models, to present experimental methods, to discuss pathologies, and to illustrate applications within the domain of multisensory processing. The book is written to be understandable to the educated non-specialist and will be of interest to professionals who need to take into account multisensory processing in domains such as, for instance, physiotherapy and neurological rehabilitation, human–computer interfaces, or marketing. As the chapters address topics that are mostly left out of standard perception or medical textbooks, this book will also serve as a useful reference for the specialist perception scientist and for clinicians specialized in the treatment of sensory deficits.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

Is a snake scarier than a gun? The ontogenetic–phylogenetic dispute from a new perspective: The role of arousal.

Emotion ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andras Norbert Zsido ◽  
Anita Deak ◽  
Laszlo Bernath
Keyword(s):  
New Perspective

Alcohol Use Disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Early Life Exposures ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Epigenetic Research

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by clinically significant impairments in health and social function. Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation may provide an attractive explanation for how early life exposures to alcohol contribute to the development of AUD and exert lifelong effects on the brain. This chapter provides a critical discussion of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in AUD etiology and the potential of epigenetic research to improve diagnosis, evaluate risks for alcohol-induced pathologies, and promote development of novel therapies for the prevention and treatment of AUD. Challenges of the current epigenetic approaches and future directions are also discussed.

Synaesthesia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno and
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Results ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Perceptual Modality ◽  
Sensory Channel ◽  
Multisensory Interactions ◽  
Crossmodal Associations ◽  
The Brain

Synaesthesia is a curious anomaly of multisensory perception. When presented with stimulation in one sensory channel, in addition to the percept usually associated with that channel (inducer) a true synaesthetic experiences a second percept in another perceptual modality (concurrent). Although synaesthesia is not pathological, true synaesthetes are relatively rare and their synaesthetic associations tend to be quite idiosyncratic. For this reason, studying synaesthesia is difficult, but exciting new experimental results are beginning to clarify what makes the brain of synaesthetes special and the mechanisms that may produce the condition. Even more importantly, the related phenomenon known as ‘natural’ crossmodal associations is instead experienced by everyone, providing another useful domain for studying multisensory interactions with important implications for understanding our preferences for products in terms of spontaneously evoked associations, as well as for choosing appropriate names, labels, and packaging in marketing applications.

Shifting Concepts

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Philosophy ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Linguistic Communication ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Conceptual Variation

Concepts stand at the centre of human cognition. We use concepts in categorizing objects and events in the world, in reasoning and action, and in social interaction. It is therefore not surprising that the study of concepts constitutes a central area of research in philosophy and psychology. Since the 1970s, psychologists have carried out intriguing experiments testing the role of concepts in categorizing and reasoning, and have found a great deal of variation in categorization behaviour across individuals and cultures. During the same period, philosophers of language and mind did important work on the semantic properties of concepts, and on how concepts are related to linguistic meaning and linguistic communication. An important motivation behind this was the idea that concepts must be shared, across individuals and cultures. However, there was little interaction between these two research programs until recently. With the dawn of experimental philosophy, the proposal that the experimental data from psychology lacks relevance to semantics is increasingly difficult to defend. Moreover, in the last decade, philosophers have approached questions about the tension between conceptual variation and shared concepts in communication from a new perspective: that of ameliorating concepts for theoretical or for social and political purposes. The volume brings together leading psychologists and philosophers working on concepts who come from these different research traditions.

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