British Leadership Questioned

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-186
Author(s):  
Marco Wyss
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
Alternative Sources

During the transfer of power, the British built up the Nigerian armed forces, and both London and Lagos expected Britain to remain Nigeria’s main provider of military assistance after independence. But Britain’s military assistance role in Nigeria came to be questioned in the wake of the row over the defence agreement. Fearful of accusations from the opposition and African neighbours of neocolonial collusion with the former imperial power, Lagos began to search for alternative sources of military assistance. But their Western orientation and underpinning anti-communist sentiments prevented the Nigerians from turning to the Soviet bloc. Instead, they approached Commonwealth and/or non-aligned powers, as well as medium, lesser, and/or neutral European countries. Eventually, the FRG became responsible for the build-up of Nigeria’s air force. Although this was a major setback for the British, they consoled themselves that the Nigerian air force was at least in safe, Western hands.

scholarly journals Activity of European Military-Instruction Missions in the Countries of South-Eastern Europe at the beginning of the XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-52
Author(s):  
S.A. Fal’ko
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Military Modernization ◽  
South Eastern Europe

This article studies one of the components of the history of modernization processes in the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the latter half of the 19th century – the early 20th century – military modernization. The purpose of research is to analyze the role of foreign military assistance in formation of military forces of Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and Greece. Separate directions of military assistance provided to the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the form of military missions, training of officers in Europe, arms export and other aspects are disclosed. One of the markers of military development during the period in question was the military instructor activity of the developed European countries in the framework of military modernization of possible military allies in these countries. The lower limit of research is the Bosnian crisis in 1908 caused by annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. The conflict was the reason of rapid militarization of the region. Military missions from the countries of Europe began their activity in Greece, Montenegro, Turkey. Thousands of officers from Balkan army studied in military establishments of Europe. The top limit of the research is the First world war І 1914-1918. The obvious success was attained with modernization of the armed forces of allies by military missions from Germany in Turkey and from France in Romania in that time. The work deals with the process of military modernization, i.e. the activities of military instructor missions of the leading European countries during the interwar period. The time interval of the study ranges within 1908-1918. This was the period marked by modernization of new national armies in Eastern Europe. Military missions played an important role in this complex process. The comparison of the results of transformations provides for better understanding of the regional specifics and concrete results of this form of military modernization of armed forces during the twenty-year interwar period. The method for comparing variations of military modernization of armies of Oriental countries occurring at the turn of the 20th centuries and reorganization of military forces of the countries of South-Eastern Europe is used. This method instantiates results, consequences, failures and success of military modernization. The research is relevant for studying modern processes of military modernization.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Western Neutralism during the Cold War: Britain and the Buildup of a Nigerian Air Force

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-128
Author(s):  
Marco Wyss
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Air Force ◽  
African Country ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
British Government ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
Nigerian Government ◽  
German Air Force ◽  
The Cold War

In the wake of decolonization, Britain wanted to maintain its strategic interests in Nigeria and to keep the newly independent African country in the Western orbit. Having abrogated a defense agreement in reaction to Nigerian domestic opposition, the British government counted on military assistance to secure its postcolonial security role. The British thus hoped to gain responsibility for the buildup of a Nigerian air force, which the authorities in Lagos wished to establish for national prestige and protection against potential enemies such as Ghana. The Nigerians, however, first tried to secure the requisite assistance from Commonwealth countries other than Britain before opting for a West German air force mission. The Nigerian government aimed to reduce its dependence on Britain and thereby burnish its neutralist credentials. Yet London was challenged by a Western version of neutralism, similar to Western neutrality, because the Nigerians never attempted to approach the Soviet bloc about military assistance.

Maximum Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2020) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Margo Okazawa-Rey ◽  
Gwyn Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Air Force ◽  
International Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
Latina Women ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Maximum Security ◽  
Class Youth

Okazawa-Rey and Kirk argue that the term maximum security, used in the context of the prison system, is an oxymoron. Jails, prisons, and other ‘correctional’ facilities provide no real security for communities, guards and other prison officials, or inmates. Imprisoning two million people, building more prisons, identifying poor and working-class youth of colour as ‘gang members,’ and criminalizing poor Black and Latina women does not increase security. Rather, the idea of security must be redefined in sharp contrast to everyday notions of personal security that are based on the protection of material possessions by locks and physical force, as well as prevailing definitions of national and international security based on a militarization that includes the police, border patrols, and armed forces such as the Navy, Army, Marines, and Air Force. To achieve genuine security, we must address the major sources of insecurity: economic, social, and political inequalities among and within nations and communities. The continual objectification of ‘others’ is a central mechanism underlying systems of oppression—and insecurity—based on class, race, gender, nation, and other significant lines of difference.

scholarly journals Niemiecka droga do demokracji i gospodarki rynkowej jako przykład dla państw Europy Wschodniej

2017 ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
Martin Dahl
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Political System ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Democratic Political System

The German experience with democracy and the market economy can be particularly valuable for other European countries for at least two reasons. Firstly, after World War II, the Germans effectively and permanently managed to enter the democratic political system based on the market economy. Initially, the economy was implemented only in the western part of the country and since 1990 all over the country. Secondly, after the collapse of the former Soviet bloc, Central European countries greatly benefited from German political solutions. This means that in favourable conditions, these experiences can be a valuable source of inspiration for other countries, especially those in Eastern Europe.This study is a result of research conducted in 2016 as part of the project ‘Germany and Russia in a multipolar international order. Strategic vision and potential alliances’ with the support of the Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation. It consists of four parts. Part I is an introduction to the issues analysed. Part II shows the genesis and characteristics of the democratic political system of Germany. Part III contains an analysis of the German experience with the implementation of the market economy. In Part IV, the author presents his conclusions of how and to what extent Eastern European countries can use the German experience in reforming their political systems and what conditions they would have to meet.

scholarly journals Experimental Exercises as an Element of Joint Combat Training of the Air Forces and Railway Troops in the Prewar Period and During the Great Patriotic War (1931-1945)

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
D.S. Lapay ◽  
S.S. Lantukhov
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Combat Training ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prewar Period ◽  
Equipment Testing

This article deals with the organization of experimental exercises of the Air Force and Railway Troops in the conditions of increasing military threat during the prewar period and the years of Great Patriotic War combat operations. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of scientific research on the history of interaction and joint combat training of aviation and special technical branches units. In the course of this research, the role and place of experimental exercises in the system of joint combat training of the Air Force and Railway Troops were defined, and the main areas of weapons and military equipment testing were analyzed. A conclusion was made about the fundamental role of the Gorokhovets Aviation and Railway Troops test field in the study of joint combat use and in the development of new models of air weapons and recovering equipment for Railway Troops. The effectiveness of using of the experience of such experimental exercises is positively assessed. Conclusions are formulated and scientific-theoretical recommendations are offered to improve joint combat training of Aviation and Railway Troops units at the present development level of the Russian Armed Forces.

4 Direct Military Assistance to Incumbent Governments Implicated in Violations of International Humanitarian and/or Human Rights Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Wet Erika
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
International Human ◽  
Droit International ◽  
Military Support ◽  
Human Rights Standards

This chapter discusses the question of whether third states are prohibited from sending their armed forces to requesting states implicated in widespread violations of international humanitarian and human rights law. Article 3 of the Resolution on Military Assistance by Request of the Institut de Droit International (IDI) 2011 has stimulated the debate, in as far as it claims that the ‘sending of armed forces by one state to another state upon the latter’s request’ is prohibited if it is in violation of ‘generally accepted standards of human rights’. This statement may be read in various ways. First, it can be understood as meaning that the troops of the intervening (assisting) state themselves must adhere to international human rights standards when exercising force at the request of the territorial (recipient) state. However, article 3 of the IDI 2011 Resolution could also be interpreted as prohibiting direct military assistance that would result in the aiding or assisting of human rights violations by the recipient state. The chapter then considers the incurrence and consequences of derivative state responsibility of an intervening state under customary international law for the violations of international human rights and humanitarian law of the territorial state. In so doing, the analysis is informed by case law and doctrine relating to derivative responsibility for such violations through conduct stopping short of direct military support.

Military and Civilian Air Rescue in Italy

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-72
Author(s):  
Corrado Manni ◽  
Gaetano Rotondo
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
Air Rescue ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Rescue Service ◽  
Emergency Transport ◽  
Injured Patients

In contrast to other European countries, Italy lacks a Civil Defense Organization. Air Rescue is a task for the Italian Air Force Search and Rescue (S.A.R.) organization. It may also draw, if necessary, on the cooperation of the other Armed Forces and State Corps, the Merchant Navy, civilian organizations, the Italian Red Cross (C.R.I.), and the Mountain Rescue Service of the Italian Alpine Club (C.A.I.). The S.A.R. units intervene at the request of civil, state, public and private, national and international organizations. The tasks currently performed by the S.A.R. in Italy include search and rescue of civilian and military air crews lost at sea or over land and of shipwrecked survivors; emergency transport of doctors and supplies to the seriously sick or injured patients from ships at sea; inaccessible localities, earthquakes, floods, and other disasters.

The outcome of root canal treatment. A retrospective study within the armed forces (Royal Air Force)

BDJ ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Peak ◽  
S. Hayes ◽  
S. Bryant ◽  
P. Dummer
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Root Canal Treatment ◽  
Royal Air Force

Warsaw Pact Countries’ Involvement in Chile from Frei to Pinochet, 1964–1973

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radoslav A. Yordanov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Warsaw Pact ◽  
East European ◽  
The Soviet Union

This article examines the policies of Warsaw Pact countries toward Chile from 1964, when Eduardo Frei was elected Chilean president, until 1973, when Frei's successor, Salvador Allende, was removed in a military coup. The article traces the role of the Soviet Union and East European countries in the ensuing international campaign raised in support of Chile's left wing, most notably in support of the Chilean Communist Party leader Luis Corvalán. The account here adds to the existing historiography of this momentous ten-year period in Chile's history, one marked by two democratic presidential elections, the growing covert intervention of both Washington and Moscow in Chile's politics, mass strikes and popular unrest against Allende's government, a violent military coup, and intense political repression in the coup's aftermath. The article gives particular weight to the role of the East European countries in advancing the interests of the Soviet bloc in South America. By consulting a wide array of declassified documents in East European capitals and in Santiago, this article helps to explain why Soviet and East European leaders attached great importance to Chile and why they ultimately were unable to develop more comprehensive political, economic, and cultural relations with that South American country.

scholarly journals Survivability and ejection injury pattern in Bangladesh Air Force fighter crew: a 30 years study from 1982-2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
AKM Al-Mamun ◽  
Mushtaq Ahmad ◽  
Farial Naima Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Ahmed Ahsan ◽  
Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Compression Fracture ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Case Series Study

Introduction: Fighter flying is one of the most hazardous occupations known to man. Emergency escape from the aircraft is an important issue to ensure the safety and survivability of aircrew. In spite of advancement of ejection system, both rate and severity of injuries sustained during ejection remain a cause for concern. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the number of survivability, causes of death in fatal cases, patterns of ejection injuries among the aircrews of Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) and to find out the ways to minimize the fatality and injuries during escape from disabled aircraft. Methods: This descriptive case series study was conducted at the BAF flight safety directorate and Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka among the aircrews of Bangladesh Air Force fighter planes which were crashed during the period of 1982 to 2012. The records of injuries, medical documents during admission at hospital, radiological and laboratory investigations reports, clinical analysis of pilots were utilized for this paper. Post mortem reports of fatal cases were also carefully considered. Results: Out of 23 ejection cases 10(43.48 %) were fatal and 13(56.52%) cases were non fatal. All the pilots (100%) had multiple abrasions, bruises, lacerations in their body. Penetrating injury was observed in one case (10%), one (10%) body was totally mutilated and 06(60%) showed burn injury. All the pilots had thoracic spine compression fracture (100%), 8(80%) had cervical hangman’s fracture and lumbar spine fracture. Seven victims (70%) had ruptured diaphragm, 6(60%) had ruptured liver, 5(50%) had ruptured spleen, 2(20%) pilots had ruptured kidneys and urinary bladder. All the pilots (100%) had fracture of lower limbs, 8(80%) had fractured upper limbs. Among the non fatal cases all the pilots (100%) had multiple abrasions, bruises, 6 (46.15%) had laceration, 01 (7.69%) each sustained anterior cruciate ligament tear of knee joint (Lt) and fracture middle of the shaft of the humerus (Lt). The mean age of the pilots was 31yrs (24 – 41 yrs). Conclusion: Protective measures and training among aircrews should be updated, so that less injury occurs in survivors. Thorough medical diagnosis and psychological treatment are required for the injured aircrews.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21861 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013

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