Possession

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Luke Rostill
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Physical Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Own Name

This chapter examines the nature of the possession that gives rise to title. It explains that ‘possession’ is ambiguous, particular senses of ‘possession’ are vague, and that the meaning of ‘possession’ shifts from context to context. It argues that, for the purposes of the rules concerning the acquisition of title, the general rule is that one will obtain possession of certain land or a particular chattel if and only if one has (a) exclusive physical control of the land or chattel; and (b) an intention, in one’s own name and on one’s own behalf, to exclude the world from it.

Special issue introduction: Collective redress for the enforcement of labour law

2021 ◽  
pp. 203195252110578
Author(s):  
Zane Rasnača
Keyword(s):  
Special Issue ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Collective Redress ◽  
The World ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Own Name ◽  
Justice Gap

This article introduces the special issue on ‘Collective redress in labour law’. Even the best labour code in the world would be practically useless without procedural rules to enable its enforcement. The contributions in this special issue show that, while the mechanism of collective redress certainly functions with mixed results and often is underused in practice, it is nevertheless a valuable tool in the enforcement toolbox, where available. It might be particularly useful for some groups of workers, such as those who lack individual means for asserting their employment-based rights in their own name. While not an answer to all problems, and undoubtedly, not sufficient to close the justice gap for many European workers on its own, collective redress, if adequately constructed, could complement and improve existing enforcement mechanisms in both national and EU labour law.

scholarly journals Paradygmat kontynuacji i zmiany – generalną przesłanką scholiologii i reform edukacyjnych

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Józef Kuźma ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Education ◽  
General Principle ◽  
School System ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Developmental Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
World Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Temple

The concept of paradigm has its origin in ancient Greece. Plato understood a paradigm as an idea or form, while Aristotle gave it the meaning of a particular pattern or model. The school, alongside the Temple, is the oldest social institution that meets the very important developmental needs of the young generations of society. It is shown in the article, based on the genesis of the school in various countries of the world, how in the history of the school there were periods of both development and stagnation. Major school system and program changes were carried out in accordance with the general principle of continuation and change. This means that everything that has worked well in the current practice of the school’s activities should be continued and the curricula and upbringing should be constantly enriched with new content, values, and experience, while consistently changing what is incompatible with current science and practice in programmes and the organizational sphere and, above all, outdated knowledge and teaching methods. This general rule should also apply to the reform of the Polish school system introduced in 2019. Only by observing the general principle of continuation and change can school reform achieve its intended goals. The fact that the optimal change paradigm is the guiding thought of learning about school or scholiology deserves to be emphasized in the presented article. The concept of scholiology met with positive feedback from many Polish scholars involved in school education, as well as Professor Mark Bray, Chairman of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies (University of Hong Kong, 2019).

Advantages of the Hypothesis

2019 ◽  
pp. 196-218
Author(s):  
Bradley E. Alger
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Testing ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
The World ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Testing Of Hypotheses ◽  
Natural Way

This chapter makes the case for the scientific hypothesis from two quite different points of view: statistical and cognitive. The consideration of statistical advantages picks up from the discussion of the Reproducibility Crisis in the previous chapter. First, it explores reasoning that shows that hypothesis-based research will, as a general rule, be much more reliable than, for example, open-ended gene searches. It also revives a procedure, Fisher’s Method for Combining Results that, though rarely used nowadays, underscores the strengths of multiple testing of hypotheses. Second, the chapter goes into many cognitive advantages of hypothesis-based research that exist because the human mind is inherently and continually at work trying to understand the world. The hypothesis is a natural way of channeling this drive into science. It is also a powerful organizational tool that serves as a blueprint for investigations and helps organize scientific thinking and communications.

Connecting Text

Doing Text ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Christopher Waugh
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
School Classroom ◽  
Connected Text ◽  
Authentic Place ◽  
Own Name ◽  
Tangible Product

This chapter discusses the act of connecting text. The benefit of a connected text is not as simple as merely 'having an audience'. The act of choice in sending something out into the world, under one's own name, and of one's own creation is a singularly autonomous act. This assertion of self is not uncommon for students in a school classroom, in fact it is an important part of what makes the school such a real and authentic place for students and teachers alike, but the formalisation of this in text is unique. The affordances of this self-assertion are often immediately clear. The text, which frequently represents the most tangible product of the classroom experience for students, extends their voice. The value they place on it is reinforced by the fact that they have the power to publish the text to the world.

scholarly journals Molluscicidal activity of 2-hydroxy-[1,4]naphthoquinone and derivatives

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso A. Camara ◽  
Tania M.S. Silva ◽  
Thiago G. da-Silva ◽  
Rodrigo M. Martins ◽  
Ticiano P. Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
World Health ◽  
Significant Toxicity ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Polar Substituents ◽  
Molluscicidal Activity

The toxic profile of lawsone (2-hydroxy-[1,4]naphthoquinone) and a series of [1,4]naphthoquinone derivatives was evaluated against the brine shrimp Artemia salina and against the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata, the main transmitting vector of schistosomiasis in Brazil. Of the seventeen compounds tested nine fell below the threshold of 100 µg/mL set for potential molluscicidal activity by the World Health Organization. As a general rule derivatives with non-polar substituents presented the highest molluscicidal activities. These substances showed significant toxicity in A. salina lethality bioassay.

The Parliament of Things and the Anthropocene

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Simons ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
Bruno Latour ◽  
Michel Serres ◽  
The World ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
Isabelle Stengers ◽  
Own Name ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
The Way

Among the contemporary philosophers using the concept of the Anthropocene, Bruno Latour and Isabelle Stengers are prominent examples. The way they use this concept, however, diverts from the most common understanding of the Anthropocene. In fact, their use of this notion is a continuation of their earlier work around the concept of a ‘parliament of things.’ Although mainly seen as a sociology or philosophy of science, their work can be read as philosophy of technology as well. Similar to Latour’s claim that science is Janus-headed, technology has two faces. Faced with the Anthropocene, we need to shift from technologies of control to technologies of negotiations, i.e., a parliament of things. What, however, does a ‘parliament of things’ mean? This paper wants to clarify what is conceptually at stake by framing Latour’s work within the philosophy of Michel Serres and Isabelle Stengers. Their philosophy implies a ‘postlinguistic turn,’ where one can ‘let things speak in their own name,’ without claiming knowledge of the thing in itself. The distinction between object and subject is abolished to go back to the world of ‘quasi-objects’ (Serres). Based on the philosophy of science of Latour and Stengers the possibility for a politics of quasi-objects or a ‘cosmopolitics’ (Stengers) is opened. It is in this framework that their use of the notion of the Anthropocene must be understood and a different view of technology can be conceptualized.

The need for reference specimens in zoological taxonomy and nomenclature

Bionomina ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAIN DUBOIS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Taxa ◽  
General Rule ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
The World ◽  
Intermediate Solution ◽  
Starting Date ◽  
Reference Specimens ◽  
Current Code

A debate is currently developing among zootaxonomists: its purpose is to clarify whether or not the current Code should be amended in order to make the deposition of at least one nomen-bearer (‘name-bearing type’) in a permanent collection compulsory so as to provide nomenclatural availability to the nomina of new species or subspecies. Recent papers published in Nature and Zootaxa strongly suggest that an overwhelming majority of practicing taxonomists from around the world are in favour of such a change. Arguments for and against it are presented here and the need for this change is supported without restriction. An intermediate solution is however proposed: after a starting date which should be agreed upon and established, a general Rule requiring deposition of at least one specimen should be introduced and approved. However the possibility should also exist to apply for permission to describe new taxa without specimens in exceptional cases, provided relevant data are furnished to justify this request. This decision should not be left to individual zoologists, whether authors, referees or editors, but should be taken by a special international committee of experts dedicated to this task. Another question discussed here concerns the conditions that should be specified by the Code regarding collections where nomen-bearers of the new taxa are deposited, their permanency and accessibility to taxonomists. Precise new formulations are proposed for the Articles of the Code and the entries in its ‘Glossary’ concerned with such changes. Of course, the proposed changes should not be retroactive, so as not to upset the nomenclatural status of nomina established before their starting date.

Future Fertility in High Fertility Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Fuchs ◽  
Anne Goujon
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

Beginning in 1960, a phenomenon occurred that John Caldwell named the ‘global fertility transition’ (Caldwell, 1997), in which fertility declines have become the general rule throughout the world, including in the majority of the less developed countries. This is important partly because fertility is in many circumstances negatively associated with socio-economic development (Bryant, 2007). From 1970–75 to 2005–10, the average total fertility rate (TFR) for the developing world fell by half, from 5.4 to 2.7 births per woman on average (United Nations, 2011). However, global figures hide important differences in fertility levels among the different regions. In Asia and Latin America, the reproductive behaviour of women reflected the pattern of change noted by Caldwell, halving the TFR in the last 35 years. In Africa, on the contrary, fertility stagnated at 6.2–6.4 from 1950 to 1985, and then began a decline that was much slower than in other developing regions. As a whole, the TFR of sub-Saharan Africa has, for decades, been higher than the fertility levels elsewhere. This was the case in 1950 and 1975, and remains so today. Fertility differences among countries are now larger than ever because transitions to replacement fertility have not yet started in some subpopulations of Western and Middle Africa, but have already been completed in others (e.g. in the economically most advanced countries of Asia, especially East Asia, as well as in many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean). As a result, the observed TFRs of (former) developing countries in 2005–10 range from a high of 7.1 in Niger to a low of 1.0 in Hong Kong. All regions of the world experience wide variations in their TFRs. For instance, East Asia has experienced a faster fertility decline than countries like Pakistan in south-central Asia. Moreover, fertility levels can show significant variations within a single country. This is the case in India, where Northern and Southern patterns of fertility are very different. Overall, regional variations are most apparent in sub-Saharan Africa.

Analytical X-Ray Analysis Techniques: A Panorama of Some of the Applications in Latin America

1991 ◽  
Vol 35 (B) ◽  
pp. 1097-1099
Author(s):  
C. Vazquez ◽  
D.V. de Leyt ◽  
J. J. LaBrecque
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Latin America Countries

In general Latin America countries function differently in respect to the rest of the world because of their geographic allocations, economic and social situations. The areas of science and technologies are not excluded from this general rule. Thus, the following question arises : How has the area of analytical x-ray analysis techniques developed in Latin America in respect to the developed countries?

Aggression and violence around the world: A model of CLimate, Aggression, and Self-control in Humans (CLASH)

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. M. Van Lange ◽  
Maria I. Rinderu ◽  
Brad J. Bushman
Keyword(s):  
Future Orientation ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
The World

AbstractWorldwide there are substantial differences within and between countries in aggression and violence. Although there are various exceptions, a general rule is that aggression and violence increase as one moves closer to the equator, which suggests the important role of climate differences. While this pattern is robust, theoretical explanations for these large differences in aggression and violence within countries and around the world are lacking. Most extant explanations focus on the influence of average temperature as a factor that triggers aggression (The General Aggression Model), or the notion that warm temperature allows for more social interaction situations (Routine Activity Theory) in which aggression is likely to unfold. We propose a new model, CLimate, Aggression, and Self-control in Humans (CLASH), that helps us to understand differences within and between countries in aggression and violence in terms of differences in climate. Lower temperatures, and especially larger degrees of seasonal variation in climate, call for individuals and groups to adopt a slower life history strategy, a greater focus on the future (vs. present), and a stronger focus on self-control. The CLASH model further outlines that slow life strategy, future orientation, and strong self-control are important determinants of inhibiting aggression and violence. We also discuss how CLASH differs from other recently developed models that emphasize climate differences for understanding conflict. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and societal importance of climate in shaping individual and societal differences in aggression and violence.

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