Coercion, Internalization, Decolonization

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-89
Author(s):  
Felix Lange
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of International Law ◽  
Historical Writings ◽  
Second World

The chapter discusses competing narratives of ‘rise’ and ‘decline’ of international law in the historical writings of international lawyers and historians. The author proposes a contextual approach to the history of international law which takes the terminology of the actors of the past seriously, but also leaves room for an assessment of functional equivalents. The author applies his contextual approach to the story of international law’s universalization. He claims that from the seventeenth century, European international law universalized via processes of forceful coercion by Western powers, internalization through non-Western states, and decolonization after the Second World War.

I

1986 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 896-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Lachs
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Society ◽  
Second World ◽  
Shed Light

To write of Philip Jessup means to survey the history of the teaching of international law in the United States throughout the last half century; to cover all important events concerning the birth of international organizations on the morrow of the Second World War; to visit the halls of the General Assembly and the Security Council; to attend meetings of the American Society of International Law and the Institute of International Law, where he so frequently took the floor to shed light on their debates; to attend sittings of the International Court of Justice in the years 1960-1969. I could hardly undertake this task; there are others much more qualified to do so. What I wish to do is to recall him as a great jurist I knew and a delightful human being; in short, a judge and a great friend whom I learned to admire.

World History

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Osterhammel
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Global History ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Migration ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines different approaches to global history. Modern world history differs from older universal-historical constructions in that it presupposes an empirical idea of geography and of both the unity and plurality of humanity’s historical experience. After the Second World War, historians paid more attention to the interaction of the nation-state (the local) and the world (the global). The newer global history, while it does not negate the nation-state, strives to understand the reasons for the success of the West, without however reverting to a Eurocentric and essentializing perspective. Aware of the constructedness of history, it nonetheless pays attention to agency in the past, and to the plurality of perspectives and divergent historical paths. It does so by focusing on topics such as the history of migration, the environment, and economic globalization.

scholarly journals Dietetic practice: the past, present and future

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-730
Author(s):  
N. Hwalla ◽  
M. Koleilat
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Registered Dietitians ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Second World

The history of dietetics can be traced as far back as the writings of Homer, Plato and Hippocrates in ancient Greece. Although diet and nutrition continued to be judged important for health, dietetics did not progress much till the 19th century with the advances in chemistry. Early research focused focuses on vitamin deficiency diseases while later workers proposed daily requirements for protein, fat and carbohydrates. Dietetics as a profession was given a boost during the Second World War when its importance was recognized by the military. Today, professional dietetic associations can be found on every continent, and registered dietitians are involved in health promotion and treatment, and work alongside physicians. The growing need for dietetics professionals is driven by a growing public interest in nutrition and the potential of functional foods to prevent a variety of diet-related conditions

scholarly journals Resurgence of the past: political and media discourse during the breakup of the former yugoslavia

Linguistica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-151
Author(s):  
Gregor Perko
Keyword(s):  
Hate Speech ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Military Violence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Media Discourses ◽  
National Languages ◽  
Second World

The wars and conflicts that accompanied the breakup of the former Yugoslavia are inextricably linked to “language”. The “breakup” of Serbo-Croat into several national languages and the determination of Slovenes and, to a lesser extent, Ma­cedonians to restrain the influence of Serbo-Croat on their respective languages ​​was a prelude to the country’s political breakup. Military violence was carefully prepared by linguistic means: hate speech, which quickly turned into war speech, dominated the words of politicians, media, culture and everyday conversation. This would not have been possible without resorting to the past and to the mythologized history of the warring parties (the Battle of Kosovo Polje, Yugoslavia before the Second World War, the Second World War itself). The analysis of the political and media discourses carried out in this study revealed three major types of semantic inversions on which the underlying discursive mechanisms largely rely: diachronic inversions (the resurgence of the terms “Ustashe”, “Chetniks”, “Turks”), semantic and logical travesties (in which terms such as “defend” and “liberate” lose their primary meanings) and semantic asymmetries (the enemy is an inhuman “aggressor” and “slaughterer”, while “our” side is made up of “innocent victims”, “martyrs” or “heroes”). As a result, the terms and utterances used lose their semantic and referential “basis”, so that they can no longer fully function except within the discursive universe that generated them.

scholarly journals The Second World War in Southeastern Europe. Historiographies and Debates

Südosteuropa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Rutar
Keyword(s):  
Public History ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Agendas ◽  
Second World

AbstractIntroducing this special issue on historiographies and debates on the Second World War in Southeastern Europe, the author reflects on the conditionalities of a better balancing of research agendas in terms of the interdependencies between local dynamics and wider scales—be they the regional, national and transnational, or global dimensions of the war. She draws attention to the role the European Union has played in crafting public history, in which processes of ‘internationalizing’ and of ‘nationalizing’ the past have been entangled. She concludes that Southeast Europeanists could greatly enhance international research agendas by taking the lead in fostering a bottom-up, multiscale, and multiperspective history of postimperial, nationalizing societies at war.

That Which Is Carved in Stone: Nanjing’s Monuments and Chinese Commemoration of the Second World War

Modern China ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 009770042094285
Author(s):  
Jonathan Henshaw
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Nanjing Massacre ◽  
History Of ◽  
Memorial Sites ◽  
Second World

Chinese commemoration of the Second World War and of the Nanjing Massacre that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s has been framed as a “new remembering” in response to political change in China and Japanese denial. This periodization obscures both earlier Chinese commemorations and the multiple ways the past has been (re-)remembered. In fact, Chinese commemoration of the victims of the Nanjing Massacre began much earlier, in 1937. Nanjing and its history of building, bulldozing, and restoring wartime monuments and memorial sites offer a case study of how China’s shifting political priorities have provided frameworks that alternately enable and restrain commemoration of the wartime past. This article explores these frameworks, with particular attention to occupied territory, in order to more fully understand the war’s legacy in the People’s Republic of China.

Germany is No More: Defeat, Occupation, and the Postwar Order

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Southern States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

This article focuses on a completely back lashed Germany after the Second World War. More people died in the Second World War than in any other conflict before or since. Particularly between the Elbe and the Volga, the Nazi war of extermination left a wasteland of death. This article traces the gradual transformations that came over Germany post 1945. After the ‘unconditional surrender’ of 8 May, 1945 — the formulation was initially coined for the defeated Southern states in the American Civil War — German territories came under the control of the four Allied Powers, creating an ambiguous legal status unprecedented in the history of modern international law. Divided into four major territories, each under the control of the allied forces, Germany was no longer a sovereign state. This article further traces the effects of the post-war era followed by the gradual embracing of democracy. The Cold War and the final descending of peace in the German territory winds up this article.

scholarly journals Debating the Greek 1940s: histories and memories of a conflicting past since the end of the Second World War

HISTOREIN ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Manos Avgeridis
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Politics Of History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Core Issue ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

The article examines aspects of the long history of a major field of public debate in the second half of the twentieth century, that of the Greek 1940s, taking as its starting point the recent “history war” in Greece. It attempts to trace histories and memories from the immediate postwar years and to place them within a broader process: the historisation of the Second World War in Europe. In that context, the article begins by exploring one part of the initial efforts to form a European history of the resistance, from the perspective of the Greek case. Then, the focus is transferred to Greece, and to the mapping of a constellation of different memory and history communities, and the practices of history of the same period: the activities of veteran partisans and eye-witnesses with regard to their contribution to the formation of the first narratives on the war is a core issue at this level. Last, by following the developments in the academy and the politics of history during the Metapolitefsi, the focus returns to the current discussion, attempting a first approach to the subject through the strings that connect it with the past and, at the same time, as a debate of the twenty-first century. 

scholarly journals Muranów czyli karczowanie. O książce „Festung Warschau” Elżbiety Janickiej

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Irena Grudzińska-Gross
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Land Clearing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Jewish Resistance ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The Times ◽  
Second World

Muranów, or about land clearing The article is a review of “Festung Warschau” by Elżbieta Janicka which maps the clash between the recently built monuments celebrating Jewish or Polish places of martyrdom from the times of Second World War. Janicka walks through the streets of the former Jewish neighbourhoods of Warsaw; she photographs and discusses the new plaques, crosses, monuments, and other forms of public marking of history on the buildings, squares and streets. She convincingly shows that the new historical commemorative signs of Polish martyrdom are often placed in the sites that were marked by Jewish resistance or suffering, and that the marks of Polish suffering are rarely linked materially to the site. The new monuments obstruct and hide the past presence of Warsaw Jews and, by submerging their past, create a new vision of ethnically cleansed history of Warsaw, especially in its relation to Second World War. The review applauds the book and rejects some of the criticism against it.

scholarly journals Archiwalne starodruki – mało znany wycinek zespołu Akt Braci Czeskich

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 183-208
Keyword(s):  
National Archive ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Source Material ◽  
World War ◽  
Core Element ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Archiwum Państwowe w Poznaniu może poszczycić się wartościową kolekcją starodruków z dawnej biblioteki kościoła św. Jana w Lesznie. Książki wraz z dokumentami archiwalnymi stanowią integralną część zespołu Akt Braci Czeskich. Ze względu na burzliwe dzieje Jednoty, które zostały tu zarysowane, zabytki piśmiennictwa uległy w znacznej mierze rozproszeniu. Wskazano miejsca w Europie, a szczególnie w Polsce, gdzie można szukać źródeł do dziejów braci czeskich. Materiały przechowywane w Archiwum Państwowym w Poznaniu, szczególnie rękopisy, tworzą chyba największy zbiór pism wytworzonych i zgromadzonych przez braci czeskich. O ile opracowanie archiwaliów ukończono w 1977 r., o tyle materiały biblioteczne, które przywiezione zostały po II wojnie światowej z Herrnhut w dwóch drewnianych skrzyniach, funkcjonują nadal bez jakiegokolwiek katalogu. W przeszłości podejmowane były próby utworzenia repertorium, lecz dopiero w 2011 r. prace nad katalogiem starych druków Archiwum Państwowego w Poznaniu nabrały tempa. Przypuszczalnie katalog będzie gotowy w połowie 2016 r., ale już teraz można częściowo scharakteryzować archiwalne starodruki, i właśnie tej problematyce poświęcono największą część artykułu. Archive old prints – the unknown part of the Unity of Brethren Acts The National Archive in Poznan is the proud owner of a valuable collection of old prints from the old library of St. John’s parish in Leszno. The books, along with archive documents, are the core element of the Unity of Brethren Acts. Due to the turbulent history of the Unity, which is outlined here, written heritage was, to a large extent, scattered. Some places in Europe, particularly in Poland, were pointed out as possible locations where source material for the history of the Unity can be found. The materials kept in the National Archive in Poznań (in particular the manuscripts) are probably the largest group of writings created and gathered by the Unity of Brethren. Although the examination of the archives was finished in 1977, the library publications, which were brought after the Second World War from Herrnhut in two wooden chests, still have not been classified. In the past, there were attempts to create a register, but it was only in 2011 that the work on the catalogue of the old prints in the National Archive in Poland gathered pace. The catalogue is probably going to be ready in mid-2016, but it is already possible to partially describe the archive old prints and this is the main focus of this article.

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