scholarly journals Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
John Rand ◽  
Finn Tarp
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
State Sector ◽  
Doi Moi

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have been at the core of Vietnam’s strategy for inclusive growth and economic transformation. Vietnam has experienced unprecedented growth and poverty reduction, turning the country into a middle-income economy relatively quickly. Most growth came from structural change with labour force movement to the manufacturing sector. This change has largely happened without worrying trends as regards income inequality, especially within urban areas. SMEs have been key for this transition following the Doi Moi reform process. Vietnam adopted a dual-track approach allowing private firms to expand alongside the state sector as long as they fulfilled their quotas at state-given prices. Also important for the development of a thriving SME sector has been reform design and willingness to experiment. These initiatives included state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform, foreign direct investment, industrial zone policies, and business-related administrative initiatives, with significant state influence remaining a core feature of the development strategy.

scholarly journals Factor Utilisation in Manufacturing: Evidence from Pakistan.

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (4II) ◽  
pp. 515-529
Author(s):  
Sahar Amjad Shaikh ◽  
Bisma Haseeb Khan
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Jobless Growth ◽  
Data Production ◽  
Social Safety Nets

During the past decade, Pakistan has experienced jobless growth with the employment growth in its manufacturing sector lagging behind the growth in its GDP. This is of concern as Pakistan‘s growing labour force, lacking social safety nets and financial assets, rely on employment as their sole source of income. Thus employment is the main link between economic growth and poverty reduction. This paper aims to investigate the nature of this job-less growth by using the Levinsohn and Petrin (2003) methodology to estimate the production functions for the industries and calculate the rate of factor utilisation in the manufacturing sector. Our hypothesis is that labour under-utilisation may be one of the driving factors behind this jobless growth. Finding lower than optimal employment for production and non-production workers across different industries, it further tries to establish the possible links between factor utilisation, productivity and other institutional characteristics of the firm. Policy recommendations are made on the basis of this analysis. JEL classification: L60, O53, J20, C23, D24 Keywords: Manufacturing, Pakistan, Labour, Panel Data, Production Function

Relative effects of trade liberalization on poverty: Evidence from Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-283
Author(s):  
Wannaphong Durongkaveroj ◽  
Taehyun Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Oriented Growth ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Trade Reform ◽  
Data Variation

Trade liberalization has long been expected to contribute to poverty reduction. The economy of Thailand provides an excellent case to study this relationship because its economy has structurally transformed in the past few decades through the export-oriented growth strategies. The purpose of this article is to examine the relative effect of Thailand’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 on poverty reduction, using a unique data set compiled from labour force survey and tariff data. Variation in production composition across provinces allows us to examine a relative impact of such trade reform. Using the instrument variable estimation, we found that provinces in which employers are concentrated in industries exposed to a greater tariff reduction experience more rapid poverty reduction and more income growth than less exposed provinces. This impact on poverty and income is also more pronounced in urban areas. We hypothesize that labour mobility is a potential channel underpinning this effect.

scholarly journals Labour Market Dynamics in Pakistan: Evidence from the Longitudinal Data

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (4II) ◽  
pp. 701-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Arif ◽  
M. F. Kiani ◽  
Khalid H Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ◽  
Development Plans

The bulk of research on labour market conditions in Pakistan has concentrated on the economic activity rate, the number of employed persons, or the unemployment rate at a particular point in time. These stock measures of labour market situation are useful from a policy viewpoint as they give a broad indication of the dimension of the problem. For example, the recent labour force surveys show an increase in the level of open unemployment from 5.9 percent in 1997-98 to 7.8 percent in 1999-2000 [Pakistan (2001)]. There is also an emerging consensus that during the 1990s poverty has increased at the national as well as for rural and urban areas of the country [Qureshi and Arif (2001)]. Labour market is considered as the main route for establishing the link between macro policies, the resulting GDP growth and poverty alleviation [Rahman (2002)]. Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP) and other development plans have suggested various targets of employment creation for poverty reduction.

Growth and Development Planning in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
The People ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Impact

The central theme of this book is to appraise the role of planning to maximize the rate of economic growth, and improve the standards of living and quality of life of the people in India since Independence. The book addresses four core areas. First, it delves into the circumstances which led to the adoption of planning and presents a comprehensive analysis of the economic scenario that unfolded in the six decades between 1951 and 2011, documenting shifts in growth and development strategy. Second, it explores the rate and pattern of economic growth, and traces reasons behind the shortfall in growth rate from the target. Third, the book contextualizes the backdrop against which economic reform measures were introduced to understand how different areas and sectors of the economy were integrated with the reform process. Fourth, it analyses the transition from growth measures pursued until the 1970s, to a mix of growth and redistribution from the 1980s, and then to inclusive growth in the 2000s, and finds out how income, especially of the poor and marginalized sections of the population increased. It makes an assessment of the level and change in poverty over time, and the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction. These four thematic areas of the book are essential to understand the process of economic growth and its impact on the lives of the people in India's rapidly changing socio-economic environment. Finally, it assesses the economic scenario in the 2010s, when planning was abandoned, and pinpoints the reasons behind dipping growth rate, and suggests measures for its revival.

scholarly journals Expanding Middle Class in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Devanto Shasta Pratomo ◽  
Wildan Syafitri ◽  
Clarissa Sekar Anindya
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Per Capita

The Indonesian economy has been one of the promising economies, with an average annual economic growth of about 5% in the last decade. With income per capita US$ 4050 as of 2019, Indonesia is now moving to attain upper-middle-income country status. Indonesia escaped from the lower-middle-income trap that the country has faced since 1985 by improving its human capital through increased attention to education and reduction in poverty. Alongside a significant poverty reduction, the middle class or middle-income population has been significantly growing. According to the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), the middle-class household grew from only 9% in 1993 to more than 20% in 2019. The middle class also works as an engine for growth, supporting nearly half of total national consumption. They are more likely of having better human capital, work as white-collar workers, and mostly living in urban areas. Due to the greater education and skills most of those in the middle class, have greater access to working in the formal sector jobs, and some are increasingly running productive business or entrepreneur which drives growth and creating jobs for others (World Bank, 2019).

Why women stay poor: An examination of urban poverty in India

Social Change ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 153-178
Author(s):  
Koumari Mitra ◽  
Gail R. Pool
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
The Social

In this paper the relationship of women to poverty in urban areas is explored and the need to understand the gender dimension of poverty in a specific cultural context is emphasised. In recent years there has been an increasing trend to incorporate the gender dimension in the analysis of poverty. The féminisation of poverty is a term used to describe the overwhelming representation of women among the poor. The present study examines the gender bias of poverty which underlies the social and economic subordination of women and the effects of gender on access to basic amenities such as education, health care and labour force participation. The 1996 World Bank publication, Poverty Reduction and the World Bank, identified three components to urban poverty: 1) provision of basic services such as water, sanitation, drainage and roads; 2) taking action on the top threats to health (lead, dust and microbial diseases); 3) making municipal finance more businesslike and inclusive. While these are commendable objectives, the problems of urban poverty for women can be examined in a qualitative way from the point view of how these goals are absorbed into the social and cultural surroundings of the urban poor. Why women are more vulnerable to poverty will be considered here and how the causes and experience of poverty differ by gender are determined, followed by some remarks on how to alleviate women's poverty.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Mobility: Evidence from Pakistan Panel Household Survey

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajid Amin Javed ◽  
Mohammad Irfan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Occupational Classification ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Capita Income Growth ◽  
High Level

Pakistan over the years, since its independence in 1947, had a rather erratic growth profile but on average GDP growth rate hovered around 5 percent per annum with per capita income growth ranging between 2 to 3 percent. The structure of the economy graduated from being predominantly agriculture in 1950s to being service sector orientated since the turn of the century. The manufacturing sector grew from almost insignificance in 1947 to a reasonable level accounting for around one third of the GDP. The demographic inertia associated with unchecked population growth and emergence of job opportunities in urban areas led to massive rural to urban migration, which resulted in a rather high level of urbanisation. Concomitant changes in both the urban and rural labour markets are visible too. Not only did average years of schooling of the labour force rise but also changes in occupational classification suggest a relative rise

scholarly journals Analysing spatial interdependence among the 2011 Thailand flood-affected small and medium enterprises for reduction of disaster recovery time period

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubham Pathak ◽  
Jorge Chica Olmo
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Recovery ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Spatial Econometric ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Accurate Perception ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Disaster Management Planning ◽  
The Impact

AbstractNatural disasters have been a significant hurdle in the economic growth of middle-income developing countries. Thailand has also been suffering from recurring flood disasters and was most which are severely affected during the 2011 floods. This paper aims to identify the various factors that impact the speed of disaster recovery among the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) severely affected by the floods in Pathumthani province in central Thailand, and how it is related to its speed decision of neighbours SMEs. The methodology adopts a spatial econometric model, to analysis and understand each of the chosen factors’ impact. The findings include the impact of disaster resilience, mitigation and planning at the SME level as well as the government level. The absence of accurate perception of actual risk, flood insurance and disaster management planning before the 2011 floods had contributed to the severity of the impacts during the 2011 floods.

scholarly journals Women’s Economic Empowerment in Vietnam: Performance and Constraints of Female-Led Manufacturing SMEs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
MinhTam Bui ◽  
Trinh Q. Long
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This paper identifies whether there was a performance difference among micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) led by men and by women in Vietnam during the period 2005–2013 and aims to provide explanations for the differences, if any, in various performance indicators. The paper adopts a quantitative approach using a firm-level panel dataset in the manufacturing sector in 10 provinces/cities in Vietnam in five waves from 2005 to 2013. Fixed effect models are estimated to examine the influence of firm variables and demographic, human capital characteristics of owners/managers on firms’ value added, labor productivity and employment creation. We found that men led MSMEs did not outperform those led by women on average. Although the average value added was lower for female-led firms in the informal sector, the opposite was true in the formal sector where women tend to lead medium-size firms with higher value added and labor productivity. The performance disparity was more envisaged across levels of formality and less clear from a gender perspective. Moreover, while firms owned by businessmen seemed to create more jobs, firms owned by women had a higher share of female employees. No significant difference in business constraints faced by women and by men was found.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document