scholarly journals Labour Market Dynamics in Pakistan: Evidence from the Longitudinal Data

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (4II) ◽  
pp. 701-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Arif ◽  
M. F. Kiani ◽  
Khalid H Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ◽  
Development Plans

The bulk of research on labour market conditions in Pakistan has concentrated on the economic activity rate, the number of employed persons, or the unemployment rate at a particular point in time. These stock measures of labour market situation are useful from a policy viewpoint as they give a broad indication of the dimension of the problem. For example, the recent labour force surveys show an increase in the level of open unemployment from 5.9 percent in 1997-98 to 7.8 percent in 1999-2000 [Pakistan (2001)]. There is also an emerging consensus that during the 1990s poverty has increased at the national as well as for rural and urban areas of the country [Qureshi and Arif (2001)]. Labour market is considered as the main route for establishing the link between macro policies, the resulting GDP growth and poverty alleviation [Rahman (2002)]. Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP) and other development plans have suggested various targets of employment creation for poverty reduction.

scholarly journals Developing Labour Market Information System for Informal Sector in Pakistan

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1357-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabur Ghayur
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Unemployment Problem

The informal sector (IFS) is seen as having the potential to adequately respond to the growing unemployment problem in Pakistan. Easy access, and low skill and investment requirements of a variety of activities in this sector correspond well with the stock and annual additions to the labour force and the available financial resources. This sector is still absorbing a large proportion of the labour force in rural and urban areas. It is also contributing significantly towards developing the skill base of the labour force.1 (see Annex Tables I-III.) Bu~ the fact remains that its development is rather haphazard with the result that the potential which this sector offers remains poorly utilised. Firstly, adequate dis aggregated information on this l sector is stilllackillg. This often results in the undertaking of activities, but, without taking cognisance of market conditions and availability of adequate consumer demand. A number of -such activities, hence, face the risk of failure at the outset.. Secondly, there is a lack of disaggregated information on the stock of the labour force and annual additions to it, and also on employment patterns. This affects support activities, if any, as adequate feedback is not forthcoming on market con,ditions, new entrants into the labour market and the unemployed. Availability of disaggregated information is necessary for undertaking support and development activities for this sector.

scholarly journals National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Poland

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
The Difference

The report outlines the evolution of the labour market situation of young people in Poland between 2009 and 2019. Particular attention was paid to describe how the situation has changed across different age subgroups and degree of urbanization. The analysis includes descriptive statistics of the selected labour market indicators (employment and unem-ployment rate, NEET rate) along with educational and population data extracted from the Eurostat public datasets. The report shows that youth population in Poland has been declining over the past decade, especially in cities and rural areas. Labour market situation of young Poles worsened in the aftermath of financial and economic crisis. Since 2013 is has improved considerably. In 2019,the unemployment rate was below the pre-recession level and the lowest since the political and economic transformation. The pattern of labour market situation evolution was similar across all age subgroups and degrees of urbanisation, although those from the younger sub-groups were more vulnerable to economic fluctuations. In 2019, the difference between rural and urban areas in the unemployment level was minor. The employment rate and the NEET rate, however, was clearly higher in cities which suggests that many of those living in towns and rural areas remain outside the labour force. The level of school dropouts among youth is one of the lowest in the EU and has been relatively stable over the past decade. It is slightly higher in towns and rural areas than in cities, but the difference is not significant.

scholarly journals Immigrants’ educational credentials leading to employment outcomes: The role played by language skills

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-191
Author(s):  
María Miyar-Busto ◽  
Fco. Javier Mato Díaz ◽  
Rodolfo Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Educational Credentials

Transferability of human capital is a key issue in the analysis of immigrants’ integration in the destination country, according to both empirical and theoretical literature. In addition to the problem of recognition of immigrants’ educational credentials and their lack of social networks, language is highlighted in the literature as a crucial factor regarding human capital transfer. This paper considers the role played by Spanish language skills in the integration of migrants into the labour market in Spain. It takes advantage of the fact that about half of the immigrant population have Spanish as their native language, and of the diversity levels of fluency in Spanish among the remaining immigrants. Using the Labour Force Survey special module on the labour market situation of immigrants (INE 2015), the research has two purposes: first, to measure the direct effect of language skills on employment outcomes; and second, to analyze the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses regarding the interaction between Spanish language skills and educational credentials as determining factors for employment. The results confirm that skill levels in Spanish have a significant role regarding access to employment. Regarding the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses, interesting gender differences appear that confirm the striking contrasts in the Spanish labour market for female and male immigrants. For men, their level of Spanish acts as a complement to their educational qualifications in helping them to obtain employment, but this is not the case for women. However, female immigrant workers seem to obtain higher employment returns on their educational qualifications than men when it comes to avoiding very low-skilled jobs.

Multiple Dimensions of Impoverishment in Iran

2020 ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Hosnieh Mahoozi ◽  
Jeurgen Meckl
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multiple Dimensions

Concerning the demands of Sen’s (1984) Capability Approach to the assessment of human well-being, we estimate multidimensional poverty and compare the results with traditional measures of income poverty in Iran. We detect poverty in urban and rural Iran over 1999-2007, a period with relatively high GDP growth. The results reveal that the pace of income poverty reduction is much faster than the pace of multidimensional poverty alleviation. The pace of poverty reduction is much slower in rural areas than in urban areas and the capital city, Tehran. Hence, inequality between rural and urban areas increased over the time. We also show how policymakers may benefit from applying the multidimensional approach in targeting the subgroups by the most deprived aspects.

scholarly journals Commuting between Rural and Urban Areas: Evidence from India

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-506
Author(s):  
Ajay Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Livelihood Strategy ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban India ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

This paper is an attempt to extend the dialogue on the nature of commuting between rural and urban areas and its implications for labour market outcomes in rural and urban India. We show that over the period 2004–2005 to 2011–2012, the magnitude of commuting workers has not changed but the composition has changed with reduction in rural no fixed place workers and increase in urban-no fixed place workers. We further highlight that rural–urban commuting can be considered mobility for better opportunities on account of diversification of livelihood strategy and underemployment in rural areas.

scholarly journals CONVERSION BANK EFFECT: QONUN ACEH DAN KESEJAHTERAAN

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Bank Account ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
The Difference

Two phenomena that occurred in Aceh Province after the tsunami disaster, the first phenomenon was a slowdown in poverty reduction in Aceh Province in rural and urban areas and an increase in total assets, financing, third party funds, Islamic banks' people's financing under the pretext of the existence of Aceh Qonun containing conversion Aceh banks from conventional to Islamic. This research tries to relate the two phenomena, how is the influence of the Aceh qonun on the formation of Islamic banks on welfare. This type of research is quasi-experiment with the difference in difference method to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that someone who has a bank account will tend to increase one's welfare than someone who does not have a bank account. then a person living in Aceh who experienced the treatment of the enactment of Qanun in Aceh actually tends to be less Prosperous than someone who lives outside Aceh. While the combination of financial access and the existence of Aceh qonun will have an impact on people's welfare. The policy implication of this research is the existence of Sharia Qanun which regulates finance in Aceh is not enough to make an increase in welfare, so it needs to be combined with a financial inclusion program in order to bring about an increase in the quality of people's lives.

Comparative advantages, job destruction and the regional pattern of polish unemployment

2002 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Newell ◽  
F. Pastore ◽  
M. Socha
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Hazard Functions ◽  
Regional Unemployment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
International Comparative

This paper investigates the relationship between industrial restructuring and regional unemployment in Poland. Poland’s regional unemployment broke out of nothing at the beginning of the 1990s decade. Since then, it has remained remarkably unchanged over the decade for a variety of factors, such as the gradual restructuring process, labour supply rigidities and technological differences. The role of each of these factors is assessed within the framework of hazard functions applied to the inflow to unemployment from a job, computed using Polish Labour Force Survey data. When voivodships are grouped according to their unemployment rate it can be seen that low unemployment voivodships form a heterogeneous group, including both rural and urban areas. Applying a new method of analysis of the labour market effects of trade integration, the paper reveals circumstantial evidence on how Poland’s international comparative advantages in labour-intensive manufacturing combine with the economic advantages of urbanised regions to play a significant role in shaping the regional distribution of Poland’s unemployment.

scholarly journals Sanitation coverage in Bangladesh since the millennium: consistency matters

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zheng ◽  
S. A. I. Hakim ◽  
Q. Nahar ◽  
A. van Agthoven ◽  
S. V. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Equity Issue ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Joint Monitoring

Household surveys in Bangladesh between 1994 and 2009 assessed sanitation access using questions that differed significantly over time, resulting in apparently inconsistent findings. Applying the WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme's 2008 definition for open defecation and improved sanitation facilities excluding shared facilities to the compiled data set, sensible sanitation coverage trends emerge. The percentage of households openly defecating declined at a rate of about 1.8% per year from 30% in 1994 to 6.8% in 2009, primarily due to changes in rural areas. Access to individual improved sanitation facilities nearly doubled from about 30% in 2006 to 57% in 2009, with both rural and urban areas showing impressive progress. Access to shared improved latrines also nearly doubled from about 13% in 2006 to 24% in 2009, with the urban slums recording the greatest gain from 17% in 2006 to 65% in 2009. Shared improved latrines are only slightly less clean than individual ones. Dependence on shared improved latrines increases with population density. In 2007, 20% of the poorest households still openly defecated, although more of them (38%) shared a latrine of any type. A poverty reduction program is recommended to address this equity issue, although applying consistent definitions is crucial to documenting progress.

scholarly journals The multifaceted relationship between environmental risks and poverty: new insights from Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Narloch ◽  
Mook Bangalore
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Changes Over Time

AbstractDespite complex interlinkages, insights into the multifaceted relationship between environmental risks and poverty can be gained through an analysis of different risks across space, time and scale within a single context using consistent methods. Combining geo-spatial data on eight environmental risks and household survey data from 2010–2014 for the case study of Vietnam, this paper shows: (i) at the district level, the incidence of poverty is higher in high risk areas, (ii) at the household level, poorer households face higher environmental risks, (iii) for some risks the relationship with household-level consumption varies between rural and urban areas, and (iv) environmental risks explain consumption differences between households, but less so changes over time. While altogether these analyses cannot establish a causal relationship between environmental risks and poverty, they do indicate that Vietnam's poor are disproportionally exposed. Given growing pressures due to climate change, addressing such risks should be a focus of poverty reduction efforts.

So why is Uttar Pradesh still poor? Poverty incidence and its correlates

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 2351-2377
Author(s):  
Akarsh Arora ◽  
S.P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The State ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Socially Excluded

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the regional profile of poverty in Uttar Pradesh, one of the most populated and impoverished states of India. It also identifies the factors underlying the inter-regional differences of poverty in the state. Design/methodology/approach Regional estimates have been evaluated by dividing the state into four economically classified regions (Western, Central, Southern, and Eastern), using the unit-level records of two latest available Consumption Expenditure Surveys of NSSO representing the period 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. Poverty has been defined by the latest available Rangarajan Expert Groups’ poverty line and aggregated in terms of headcount ratio and share of below poverty line population. Furthermore, to investigate the correlates of poverty, a survey-based logistic regression has been estimated specifically for each region and for both rural and urban areas. Findings Estimates reveal that though overall poverty in the state has declined, inter-regional poverty trends witness rise in the level of impoverishment particularly in urban Southern Region (SR), rural Eastern Region (ER), and in both rural and urban areas of Central Region. Nevertheless, the inter-regional disparity in poverty has observed a decline; it can further be eliminated if such high poverty reduction in urban ER and rural SR is sustained along with a similar progress in their impoverished counterparts. Originality/value The study recommends that poverty alleviating policies in the state should focus more on reducing the household size, development of socially excluded sub-groups (Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes), delivery of basic facilities (education and health care), and enhancement of employment prospects for casual laborers, with special emphasis on identified impoverished regions.

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