Waste Management from Center to Suburb

Author(s):  
Allison L. C. Emmerson

“Waste Management from Center to Suburb” investigates how one humble activity illuminates multi-faceted relationships between city and suburb. It begins by reconsidering the infamous “puticuli” of Rome’s Republican Esquiline, arguing that these were not—as has long been believed—mass graves that marked the zone as a nightmarish no man’s land. The fixtures uncovered in nineteenth-century excavations are better interpreted as public cesspits, one of many contemporaneous investments in urban infrastructure, installed in a busy and well-connected district outside the growing city’s first wall. The second section moves forward in time to the early Imperial period, exploring waste management at Pompeii and elsewhere. Drawing on the results of recent excavations, it contends that the garbage mounds commonly found in Italy’s suburbs were not abandoned deposits of unwanted materials, akin to modern landfills, but active sites in an intense economy of use, reuse, and recycling, in which suburbs played a key role.

Experiment ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Wendy Salmond

Abstract This essay examines Russian artist Viktor Vasnetsov’s search for a new kind of prayer icon in the closing decades of the nineteenth century: a hybrid of icon and painting that would reconcile Russia’s historic contradictions and launch a renaissance of national culture and faith. Beginning with his icons for the Spas nerukotvornyi [Savior Not Made by Human Hands] Church at Abramtsevo in 1880-81, for two decades Vasnetsov was hailed as an innovator, the four icons he sent to the Paris “Exposition Universelle” of 1900 marking the culmination of his vision. After 1900, his religious painting polarized elite Russian society and was bitterly attacked in advanced art circles. Yet Vasnetsov’s new icons were increasingly linked with popular culture and the many copies made of them in the late Imperial period suggest that his hybrid image spoke to a generation seeking a resolution to the dilemma of how modern Orthodox worshippers should pray.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-228
Author(s):  
Sean McDaniel

This article examines interactions between Slavic peasant migrants and mobile pastoralist Kazakhs within the setting of the Kazakh Steppe during the period of heaviest resettlement to the region beginning in the late nineteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth century. It considers how the importance of horses to both settlers and Kazakhs alike dictated these interactions and how the sedentary world of the settlers disrupted the seasonal migration routes of Kazakh horse herders. Particularly with concern to the greatly expanded horse market, issues regarding land use, and increased instances of horse theft throughout the region, the Russian state’s encroachment into the steppe forever altered the social and economic makeup of the region.


2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-241
Author(s):  
Gary McKee

Abstract The Church Missionary Society “Mission of Help” to the Syrian Church of Travancore in the nineteenth century provides much instructive food for thought concerning debates that continue in mission up to the present day. In particular, the episode shows that the links between mission and empire cannot be reduced to seeing mission as a mere handmaiden to imperial concerns, although empire certainly provided a context to missionary endeavor throughout the imperial period. In this specific instance it was the forceful personality of Colonel John Munro who ensured that the Mission of Help became more intertwined with empire than might otherwise have been the case. Another effect of this imperial context for the Mission of Help was that the nature and scope of mission inevitably ended up being broadened to include aspects of societal transformation. It is shown that Benjamin Bailey was not primarily motivated by such concerns, yet was not unconcerned about them. Bailey’s thinking through of these tensions perhaps provide a way to think today about the links between the “Great Commission,” the “Great Commandment,” and cultural transformation.


2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 69-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ NUNES DE AZEVEDO

 A palavra progresso teve o seu campo semá¢ntico redimensionado ao longo do perá­odo da passagem da Monarquia á  República. Durante o perá­odo imperial, o valor maior a ser cultivado pela elite polá­tica brasileira era a ideia de construção de uma nação civilizada. A noção de progresso ainda se tornara autônoma á  ideia de civilização, e não se encontrava centrada na ideia de desenvolvimento material. Com o advento da República e de uma série de transformações presentes no Brasil e no Rio de Janeiro de fins do século XIX, a ideia de progresso ganha autonomia, passa a se encontrar cada vez mais centrada na perspectiva de modernização e de desenvolvimento material da sociedade brasileira e carioca.Palavras-chave: Progresso. Civilização. Rio de Janeiro. Monarquia. República.THE NOTIONS OF PROGRESS OF THE EMPIRE TO THE REPUBLIC:  recondit transformations in the same terminologyAbstract: The word progress had its semantic field changed through the period of transition from monarchy to republic. During the imperial period, the highest value to be cultivated by the Brazilian political elite was the idea of building a civilized nation. The notion of progress yet become autonomous to the idea of civilization, and was not focused on idea of material development. With the arrival of the Republic and a number of changes present in Brazil and in Rio de Janeiro in the late nineteenth century, the idea of progress become independent, and proceeds to find increasingly focused on the modernization perspective, and material development of Brazilian and carioca society.Keywords: Progress. Civilization. Rio de Janeiro. Monarchy. Republic.LOS CONCEPTOS DE PROGRESO DEL IMPERIO A LA REPÚBLICA:  transformaciones recónditas en la misma terminologá­aResumen: La palabra progreso tuvo su campo semántico cambiado a lo largo del perá­odo del pasaje de la Monarquá­a a la República. Durante el perá­odo imperial, el mayor valor a ser cultivado por la élite polá­tica brasileña era la idea de construcción una nación civilizada. La noción de progreso todavá­a se ha hecho autónoma a la idea de civilización, y no se centraba en la idea de desarrollo material. Con el advenimiento de la República y de una serie de cambios presentes en Brasil y en Rá­o de Janeiro en finales del siglo XIX, la idea de progreso obtiene autonomá­a y pasa a encontrarse cada vez más centrada en la perspectiva de modernización y de desarrollo material de la sociedad brasileña y carioca.Palabras clave: Progresso. Civilización. Rá­o de Janeiro. Monarquá­a. República.  


2016 ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
Alexandre Campos Pulido ◽  
Caroline Mensor Folchini ◽  
Katia Regina de Moura Vieira ◽  
Pedro André Kowacs

Treatment of headaches always has been a challenge for people and health care professionals. The purpose of this article is to review the treatments found in bibliographic sources of the Brazilian Imperial period, and make a narrative description. The sources consulted, such as the "Chernoviz Manual" and the writings of Sigaud revealed that the treatment of headaches was frequently based on homemade treatments or Amerindians herbs recipes. Only recently headache was included as a relevant issue to medicine, as well as its scientific approach. This article provides information about the view at that time concerning to the etiology of headaches and ways of treatment, to trace a narrative scenario of these aspects in the nineteenth century in the Empire of Brazil.


Author(s):  
Matthew W. King

This chapter presents a unique devotional biography from Khalkha by Zava Damdin Luvsandamdin (1867–1937) about his beloved guru Sanjaa (1837–1906). Completed in the late summer of 1914, some three years after the collapse of the Qing and the formation of a perilous Mongolian autonomous theocracy in 1911, Beautifying Ornament provides rare details about the life of an otherwise little-known Mongolian luminary from the late imperial period. Written in Tibetan and employing literary genres shared by that time across the Tibeto-Mongolian cultural interface, Beautifying Ornament sets narrative details proper to an “outer biography” (Tib. phyi rnam) into devotional verse (Tib. bstod) joined with a concluding “seven-limb prayer” liturgy directed to the departed Sanjaa for regular recitation by his disciples. Beautifying Ornament also illuminates the understudied globalisms of nineteenth-century Mongolian Buddhist life that sustained zones of contact and exchange between Mongol, Chinese, Tibetan, Nepalese, Japanese, Russian, and Indian Buddhist communities, scholastic institutions, and pilgrimage sites.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (29) ◽  
pp. 240-259
Author(s):  
PEDRO VILARINHO CASTELO BRANCO ◽  
ELISÂNGELA BARBOSA CARDOSO

O artigo analisa as condições de vivência do sacerdócio no período Imperial brasileiro, na Província do Piauí. Percebemos os padres na dimensão das virilidades, como homens que tinham vivências cotidianas marcadas pelas condições existenciais no Piauí oitocentista. Desta forma, analisaremos as práticas cotidianas e os discursos com caráter prescritivo, que procuravam definir padrões aceitáveis para os clérigos. Na formatação do argumento, utilizamos livros de memória, relatos literários, obras historiográficas, jornais, ofícios e correspondências trocadas entre o Bispo do Maranhão e autoridades da Província do Piauí, documentos que dão conta de práticas, nem sempre canônicas, dos padres oitocentistas. Ao final, afirmamos que as possibilidades existenciais dos padres sofreram mudanças entre o meio do século XIX, período em que a Igreja gozava dostatusde religião oficial do Império, e o início do século XX, quando, livre da subordinação ao Estado, a Igreja Católica encontrava-se com a difícil tarefa de reinventar-se. Palavras-chave: Igreja Católica no Século XIX. Virilidades. Práticas de Sacerdotes. MEN OF GOD: Catholic priesthood and masculinities in Piauí in the nineteenth century Abstract: The article analyzes the conditions of priesthood living in the Brazilian Imperial period, in the Province of Piauí. We perceive the priest in the dimension of virilities, as men who had daily experiences marked by existential conditions in the nineteenth century in Piaui. In this way, we will analyze dailypractices and prescriptive discourse, which sought to define acceptable standards for clerics. In the formattingof the argument, we use memoirs,literary accounts, historiographical works, newspapers,official lettersand correspondences exchanged between the Bishop of Maranhão, and authorities of the Province of Piaui, documents that report on practices, not always canonical, of the nineteenth century priests. In the end, we affirm that the existential possibilities of the priest changed between the middle of the nineteenth century, when the church enjoyed the status of official religion of the Empire, and theearly twentieth century, when, free from subordination to the state, the Catholic Church had the difficult task of reinventing itself. Keywords: Catholic Church in the 19thcentury. Virilities. Priestly practices. HOMBRES DE DIOS: sacerdocio católico y masculinidades en Piauí en el siglo XIX Resumen: El artículo analiza las condiciones de vida del sacerdocio en el periodo imperial brasileño, en la provincia de Piauí. Percibimos los sacerdotes en la dimensión de las virilidades, como hombres que tuvieron experiencias cotidianas marcadas por condiciones existenciales en el siglo XIX Piauí. De esta forma analizaremos las prácticas diarias y los discursos prescriptivos, que intentaron definir estándares aceptables para los clérigos. En el formato del argumento, usamos libros de memoria, relatos literarios, trabajos historiográficos, periódicos, oficios y correspondencias intercambiadas entre el Obispo de Maranhão y las autoridades de la Provincia de Piauí, documentos que informan sobre las prácticas, no siempre canónicas, de los sacerdotes del siglo XIX. Al final, afirmamos que las posibilidades existenciales de los sacerdotes cambiaron entre mediados del siglo XIX, cuando la Iglesia disfrutó del estatus de religión oficial del Imperio, y principios del siglo XX, cuando, libre de subordinación al estado, la Iglesia Católica tuvo la difícil tarea de reinventarse. Palabras clave: Iglesia Católica en el Siglo XIX. La virilidad. Prácticas de Sacerdotes.


Author(s):  
Andrew Kahn ◽  
Mark Lipovetsky ◽  
Irina Reyfman ◽  
Stephanie Sandler

The chapter explores how works of literature in the nineteenth century increasingly mapped the complex social structure of imperial Russia. It explains why social class and group identity features so prominently in the representation of characters in nineteenth-century Russian literature. The chapter demonstrates that different types of space, such as the capitals (St. Petersburg and Moscow), the village, or the estate, have specific cultural associations in literature. It discusses the phenomenon of the Petersburg mythology and the genre of Petersburg fiction, examines the provincial spaces as presented by Gogol and Chekhov, and colonial spaces such as the Caucasus as portrayed by Tolstoy.


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