Evidential Preemption

Prejudice ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
Endre Begby
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Beneficial Use ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Contrary Evidence

So far the book has worked on the assumption that the confrontation with contrary evidence always requires rational believers to reduce their credence in the relevant propositions. This chapter introduces the notion of “evidential preemption,” which occurs when a testifier, in addition to offering testimony that p, also warns the hearer that others will try to persuade them of contrary views. This chapter argues that whenever it is rational for someone to accept the “ground-level” testimony on offer, it is also rational for them to accept the warning about what others will tell them. When they are subsequently confronted with this testimony, its evidential force has effectively been neutralized, since it is, essentially, information the subject has already conditionalized on. In this way, evidential preemption can serve as a tool for “epistemic inoculation,” all but ensuring that subjects cannot make beneficial use of the contrary evidence to correct their beliefs.

‘Sir Thomas Heywood the Parson’ and Donne's Catholic Background

1980 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-327
Author(s):  
Dennis Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Heywood ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Contrary Evidence

Jonn Donne's modern biographers have had to redress an imbalance in the laconic account of his Catholic background given by his earliest biographer, Izaak Walton. For example, Baird D. Whitlock introduced the story that the priest Thomas Heywood, Donne's grand-uncle, was ‘executed’ for his faith in 1574, when Donne was two years old. Whitlock found this story in A. W. Reed's Early Tudor Drama, where Reed presumed that ‘Sir Thomas Heywood the Parson’, as he is named in his brother Richard's will, was also the subject of a note inscribed on another document relating to Richard Heywood: ‘ye 14th of June 1574, a fryar who was akin was executed’. Though this note is the only evidence of Thomas Heywood's purported execution, the story has been accepted by Donne's biographers since Whitlock, despite various contrary evidence.

Reviving the brassware industry in Moradabad, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Hari Narain Singh ◽  
D.K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Multiple Challenges

Subject area This paper aims to understand the subject of entrepreneurship and project management through techno-economic intervention. Study level/applicability Postgraduate students of management and graduate students of engineering and management. Case overview Multiple challenges existed at the ground level in the Moradabad Brass Cluster in terms of gaps in technology, skill, infrastructure and market that all needed to be improved upon. Expected learning outcomes The objectives and learning outcomes were proposed to understand the cluster economic crisis, entrepreneurship, project management, technical improvements and better understanding of certain theories. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email [email protected] to request teaching notes.

Investigations on clover sickness

1938 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold H. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Garden Soil ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Contrary Evidence

The fact that land which frequently bears a crop of clover becomes rapidly unfit to bear further crops of this plant is a very old observation in all countries where clover is grown. In England, Arthur Young (1804) called attention to it and to the fact that farmers were accustomed to call this unfitness “clover sickness”. The cause of this soil condition has been a matter of careful study since early in the nineteenth century, and some of the most interesting observations on the subject were made by Lawes & Gilbert (1860) in the years preceding 1860. They showed that the lack of capacity to grow clover did not seem to be connected with any deficiency in the principal specific plant foods in the soil, and the only contrary evidence was the fact that when a rich garden soil was substituted for the ordinary field soil, it was possible to grow clover for a much longer period without failure (Gilbert, 1871). The final conclusion of Lawes & Gilbert as to the so-called clover sickness was that the only means of ensuring a good crop of red clover is to allow some years to elapse before repeating the crop on the same land.

scholarly journals The distribution of electricity in thunderclouds

1937 ◽  
Vol 161 (906) ◽  
pp. 309-352 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Promising Line ◽  
Considerable Support ◽  
Great Advance

The mechanism of thunderstorms has been the subject of much controversy in recent years, and at the present time there are at least two theories which find considerable support. To arrive at a theory which would satisfy all criticism would be a great advance towards a solution of the more fundamental problem of the circulation of electricity through the atmosphere. The evidence put forward in support of the present theories of the mechanism of thunderstorms is derived almost wholly from observations made at the surface of the earth; in many cases this evidence is ambiguous, and the same observations have, in fact, sometimes been used to support opposing theories. It seemed highly desirable that fresh evidence should be sought, and the most promising line of attack appeared to lie in attempting measurements in and above the thunderclouds instead of confining the observations to ground-level. In 1934, after some preliminary experiments, a simple method of recording the distribution of electricity in thunderclouds by means of instruments attached to sounding balloons was devised at Kew Observatory, and a sufficient number of soundings has now been made to enable some important generalizations to be made. The method of observation and the results obtained are described and discussed in this paper.

Dust Deposition from Chimney Stacks

1950 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Bosanquet ◽  
W. F. Carey ◽  
E. M. Halton
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Worked Example ◽  
Powdered Coal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moderate Cost ◽  
Coal Boiler

Economic competition compels many firms to operate processes which emit gases carrying a dust burden many thousand times that of atmospheric air. Even after treatment in the most expensive deduster this effluent will still hold some 5 per cent of its original dust, so that it must be discharged up a tall chimney. Wind eddies then dilute the chimney gases until they can be tolerated at ground level; however, during dilution the coarser dust is liable to settle and cause objectional deposits in the vicinity. The problem of designing an installation to avoid nuisance is therefore to remove the coarser grits in a deduster and to arrange the stack to dilute the finer residue so that deposits will not be noticed. The authors have developed a set of reasonably simple formulae and charts for predicting the path of particles emitted from a stack and spread by the wind. Experimental checks have been applied to the predictions, but the subject is complex, and at this stage it is unlikely that it will be possible to predict the rate of deposit within a factor of 2. In order to illustrate the implications of the paper a worked example is given on a powdered-coal boiler installation. This shows that with properly designed cyclones and a moderately high stack there will be no noticeable deposits. The implication is that it should be possible in time to extend the treatment given in the paper to specify a deduster exit which will avoid nuisance with fair certainty and at a relatively moderate cost.

A New Altimeter Display

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-338
Author(s):  
F. G. Melchior
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
High Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Flight Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pressure Altitude

Before commencing an analysis of the subject matter at hand, it will be as well to present some definitions which we have adopted, in our own work, even if they represent in part arbitrary interpretations of our own.(a) Pressure altitude is, of course, nothing but barometer pressure at any given elevation, converted into equivalent altitude (feet) units; hence a variable.(b) Sea-level in connection with altimetry is only a theoretical reference value which does not necessarily conform with mean-high water; in terms of pressure altitude, needless to say, it is also a variable.(c) True altitude (above sea-level) cannot be obtained with satisfactory accuracy by merely correcting for sea-level barometer pressure. On the other hand, we must dispel the notion—not uncommon—that one can obtain more accurate altitude values by correcting for temperature and humidity at a particular flight level. There are such things as inversions and convection currents; we do not need cold weather to have a high barometer, and sometimes it is warmer a few thousand feet up than at ground-level.(d) Performance of pressure instruments is properly expressed in parts of the pressure range—not in per cent of altitude—and the reason is simple: at, say, 60,000 ft. you have about 16 times as may feet per unit of pressure as at sea-level.(e) Sensitivity is—technically speaking—the smallest part of the pressure range that will produce a measurable response.

scholarly journals Myopia Index

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Moreira Marquez ◽  
Wellington Cançado Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
National Agency ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Maximum Resolution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Public Character

Google Earth is a vision device that operates in the tension between two sets of eyes: vertical and horizontal. The vertical eye locates the observer outside the lived area in a privileged point, far from everyday life. With Google Earth, we have the globe to manipulate with our hands, in a radical disparity of the subject and world. But this world is a set of juxtaposed fragments of images, captured from above. The interval between the limit of resolution of each image when we descend into the soil and the approximate height of our eye on the ground level (1.70 m) is what we call Myopia Space of Google Earth, which is variable for each visited place. Myopia Index measures the public character of the Google Earth territory, since it is universally accessible but always controlled from a privileged place. The GeoEye, currently the commercial satellite capable of generating images with higher spatial resolution, is supported, firstly by the National Agency of the United States Geospatial Intelligence (NGA) and, secondly, by Google. The NGA will receive images from up to 43 cm spatial resolution, while Google does not exceed 50 cm in maximum resolution, due to a restriction imposed by the U.S. government. No gaze is neutral, much less the gaze of satellites that carry politically adjustable myopias. And if there are natural clouds, which hinder the satellites view while they pass, there are also the artificial clouds that freeze the landscape as compulsory vigilant glasses. This article accompanies the film Global Safari: Powered by Google, which can be viewed at: http://blip.tv/file/3698794/

RESPIRATORY QUOTIENTS OF EXPIRED AND ALVEOLAR AIR AT NORMAL AND REDUCED BAROMETRIC PRESSURES

1945 ◽  
Vol 23e (2) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. W. Ferguson ◽  
L. P. Dugal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Alveolar Air ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Expired Air

In the paper are reported the results of 55 experiments on four subjects seated quietly at ground level and 15,000 ft. breathing air. Inspiratory and expiratory alveolar air samples were taken immediately before and after a period during which expired air was collected.A systematic difference can be demonstrated between the respiratory quotients of inspiratory and expiratory samples of alveolar air taken when the subject is seated at rest. This difference is much diminished by anoxia at a barometric pressure equivalent to 15,000 ft. supporting Krogh and Lindhard's analysis of the course of gaseous exchanges in the lungs. The R.Q.'s of expiratory samples of alveolar air approximate closely those of expired air. Haldane's hypothesis that the respiratory dead space for carbon dioxide is smaller than for oxygen is not supported by our findings under seated resting conditions on the average. The R.Q. of expired air may be used for calculating average relations between the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen in alveolar air by the Alveolar Equation.

scholarly journals Women's Right to Inheritance in Sharī’ah: Flaws lie in the Society and Judicial System of Pakistan, not in Law on the Subject (A Realistic Jurisprudential Approach)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Dr. Qazi Attaullah ◽  
Dr. Lutf Ullah Saqib
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Research Endeavor

Women's right to inheritance, indeed, remains an inconclusive debate almost in all legal systems.  Sharī’ah has given extraordinary standing to women's rights. While having an unperceptive study of the work of classical Muslim fuqahā, one can easily derive this fact which is widely accepted by the jurists and legal experts of other legal domains. Moreover, no other prevailing legal system or its jurisprudence can cup-tie Sharī’ah in this connection, both at theoretical and practical levels. Among these rights, the right to inheritance is the most central one.  Being an Islamic state, Pakistan follows Sharī’ah for giving up and protecting such rights. However, due to some informal flaws in the society and formal flaws in the judicial system, the implementation of such right becomes frail at ground level, which cannot be a professed failure of Sharī’ah under any stretch of explanation. The present research endeavor outlines, with a solid argument,  that the failure lies in the society and prevailing judicial system,  of course, not in the law on the subject (i.e. Sharī’ah).  The work of the Muslim fuqahā’, both classical and contemporary, has extensively used for certifying this undeniable hypothesis. The historical Islamic jurisprudence, however, is predominantly resorted, herein, for the same purpose. The Pakistani society’s norms and judicial system are profoundly discussed for further clearing-up of the issue. The discourse analysis technique has been followed for the investigation of the issue.

Words

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320-1327
Author(s):  
Colbert Searles
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The Subject

THE germ of that which follows came into being many years ago in the days of my youth as a university instructor and assistant professor. It was generated by the then quite outspoken attitude of colleagues in the “exact sciences”; the sciences of which the subject-matter can be exactly weighed and measured and the force of its movements mathematically demonstrated. They assured us that the study of languages and literature had little or nothing scientific about it because: “It had no domain of concrete fact in which to work.” Ergo, the scientific spirit was theirs by a stroke of “efficacious grace” as it were. Ours was at best only a kind of “sufficient grace,” pleasant and even necessary to have, but which could, by no means ensure a reception among the elected.

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