Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Research Strategy ◽  
Political Support ◽  
System Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regime Stability ◽  
Citizen Support ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Regime Support ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This introductory chapter develops three core research questions for the book: How widespread is citizen support for the respective regime in democracies and autocracies? What individual-level sources is regime support based upon in democracies and autocracies? What system-level sources affect regime support in democracies and autocracies? Pointing out the relevance of political support for regime stability, it argues that answering these questions can contribute to assessing the stability of both democracies and autocracies. Following a brief review of the literature, it outlines the theoretical model proposed in the book and gives an overview of the research strategy, case selection, data, and methods applied in the empirical analysis.

Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
System Level ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Citizen Support ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regime Support

The book takes a political-culture perspective on the struggle between democracy and autocracy by examining how these regimes fare in the eyes of their citizens. Taking a globally comparative approach, it studies both the levels as well as the individual- and system-level sources of political support in democracies and autocracies worldwide. The book develops an explanatory model of regime support which includes both individual- and system-level determinants and specifies not only the general causal mechanisms and pathways through which these determinants affect regime support but also spells out how these effects might vary between the two types of regimes. It empirically tests its propositions using multi-level structural equation modeling and a comprehensive dataset that combines recent public-opinion data from six cross-national survey projects with aggregate data from various sources for more than one hundred democracies and autocracies. It finds that both the levels and individual-level sources of regime support are the same in democracies and autocracies, but that the way in which system-level context factors affect regime support differs between the two types of regimes. The results enhance our understanding of what determines citizen support for fundamentally different regimes, help assessing the present and future stability of democracies and autocracies, and provide clear policy implications to those interested in strengthening support for democracy and/or fostering democratic change in autocracies.

Levels and sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-157
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
System Level ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Citizen Support ◽  
Autocratic Regimes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regime Support ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation

This chapter presents the results of the empirical analysis of levels and sources of citizen support for democratic and autocratic regimes. The analysis proceeds in three steps. First, it compares the levels of regime support in democracies and autocracies. It shows that levels of citizen support, while varying considerably across individual countries, are roughly equal between democratic and autocratic regimes. Second, the analysis investigates the individual-level sources of regime support. It finds evidence that the same set of individual-level sources affect regime support in democracies and autocracies and that they do so in virtually the same way across regimes. Third, it addresses the system-level sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, it observes effects of three of the four system-level sources in both types of regimes; yet, these system-level sources do not affect regime support in the same way in democracies as in autocracies.

Conceptualizing political support in democracies and autocracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Value Orientations ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Regime Stability ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Autocratic Regimes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Political Value ◽  
Regime Support

This chapter conceptualizes political support in democratic and autocratic contexts. It first sets the basis for a comparison between democratic and autocratic contexts by defining both democracy and autocracy and outlining the fundamental differences between the two types of regimes, both in terms of institutional structures and functional logics. Taking into account how the different institutional structures and functional logics of democracies and autocracies affect the structure of political support, it distinguishes between three levels of political support: political value orientations, regime support, and incumbent support. Discussing their consequences for the stability of democratic and autocratic regimes, the chapter identifies regime support as the most consequential attitude for regime stability.

Data and methods

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
System Level ◽  
Global Comparison ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
Regime Support ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This chapter prepares the empirical analysis by approaching the key methodological issues associated with a global comparison of regime support and its individual- and system-level sources in democracies and autocracies. It presents the study’s case selection, regime classification, and research strategy. Drawing on survey data from six cross-national survey projects and macro data from various sources, it introduces the data employed in the empirical analysis. The chapter continues to describe the operationalization of the main variables and explicates how regime support can be measured in a comparable way across regime types as institutional confidence in government, parliament, police, and army. Finally, it discusses the validity of the data in light of the challenges associated with conducting survey research in autocracies.

Sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-72
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Performance Evaluations ◽  
System Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regime Support

This chapter develops an explanatory model of regime support applicable to both democracies and autocracies. The explanatory model includes both individual- and system-level determinants and explicates how these interact in shaping regime support. On the individual-level, it integrates culturalist and institutionalist explanations of support to arrive at five central sources of regime support: political value orientations, societal value orientations, incumbent support, democratic performance evaluations, and systemic performance evaluations. On the system level, it draws on social psychological theories of attitude formation and identifies four sources of regime support: macro-cultural context, macro-political context, actual systemic performance, and level of socioeconomic modernization. Recurring to the fundamental differences between democracies and autocracies, the explanatory model expects the individual-level processes forming regime support to be universal across regime types, but effects of system-level sources of regime support to vary between democracies and autocracies, due to indoctrination and propaganda distorting the attitude-formation process in autocracies.

scholarly journals System models for resilience in gerontology: application to the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Klasa ◽  
Stephanie Galaitsi ◽  
Andrew Wister ◽  
Igor Linkov
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
System Level ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
The World ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe care needs for aging adults are increasing burdens on health systems around the world. Efforts minimizing risk to improve quality of life and aging have proven moderately successful, but acute shocks and chronic stressors to an individual’s systemic physical and cognitive functions may accelerate their inevitable degradations. A framework for resilience to the challenges associated with aging is required to complement on-going risk reduction policies, programs and interventions. Studies measuring resilience among the elderly at the individual level have not produced a standard methodology. Moreover, resilience measurements need to incorporate external structural and system-level factors that determine the resources that adults can access while recovering from aging-related adversities. We use the National Academies of Science conceptualization of resilience for natural disasters to frame resilience for aging adults. This enables development of a generalized theory of resilience for different individual and structural contexts and populations, including a specific application to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Looking forward and looking backward: Economic evaluations and regime support in China

Politics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026339572198954
Author(s):  
Yida Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Regime Support

It is widely acknowledged that the economic situation is of vital importance for the stability of an authoritarian regime, but it is rarely known how the public’s economic evaluation contributes to such outcomes. This study examines the effects of citizens’ retrospective and prospective evaluations of their household economic situation and the national economy on the level of regime support in China. The findings show that the national economy outweighs household economic conditions in its effects on the public’s support of the regime. However, the gap between evaluations of the national economy and individual economic situations debilitates regime support. The population in different age cohorts has distinct patterns of relationships between retrospective and prospective economic evaluations and regime support. This study elucidates the political-psychological mechanism of the public’s economic evaluation affecting regime support, and the ruling strategy in authoritarian regimes of manipulating this evaluation.

scholarly journals The Ontario Food and Nutrition Strategy: identifying indicators of food access and food literacy for early monitoring of the food environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice A. Boucher ◽  
Elizabeth Manafò ◽  
Meaghan R. Boddy ◽  
Lynn Roblin ◽  
Rebecca Truscott
Keyword(s):  
Food Environment ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
System Level ◽  
Level Indicator ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Food Literacy ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Strategy

Introduction To address challenges Canadians face within their food environments, a comprehensive, multistakeholder, intergovernmental approach to policy development is essential. Food environment indicators are needed to assess population status and change. The Ontario Food and Nutrition Strategy (OFNS) integrates the food, agriculture and nutrition sectors, and aims to improve the health of Ontarians through actions that promote healthy food systems and environments. This report describes the process of identifying indicators for 11 OFNS action areas in two strategic directions (SDs): Healthy Food Access, and Food Literacy and Skills. Methods The OFNS Indicators Advisory Group used a five-step process to select indicators: (1) potential indicators from national and provincial data sources were identified; (2) indicators were organized by SD, action area and data type; (3) selection criteria were identified, pilot tested and finalized; (4) final criteria were applied to refine the indicator list; and (5) indicators were prioritized after reapplication of selection criteria. Results Sixty-nine potential indicators were initially identified; however, many were individual-level rather than system-level measures. After final application of the selection criteria, one individual-level indicator and six system-level indicators were prioritized in five action areas; for six of the action areas, no indicators were available. Conclusion Data limitations suggest that available data may not measure important aspects of the food environment, highlighting the need for action and resources to improve system-level indicators and support monitoring of the food environment and health in Ontario and across Canada.

scholarly journals Impact of the volatility of resource revenue on non-resource revenue volatility

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sena Kimm Gnangnon
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Generalized Methods Of Moments ◽  
Public Revenue ◽  
Revenue Volatility ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Methods Of Moments ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

PurposeThis paper investigates the effect of the volatility of resource revenue on the volatility of non-resource revenue.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis has utilized an unbalanced panel data set comprising 54 countries over the period 1980–2015. The two-step system generalized methods of moments (GMM) is the main economic approach used to carry out the empirical analysis.FindingsResults show that resource revenue volatility generates lower non-resource revenue volatility only when the share of resource revenue in total public revenue is lower than 18%. Otherwise, higher resource revenue volatility would result in a rise in non-resource revenue volatility.Research limitations/implicationsIn light of the adverse effect of volatility of non-resource revenue on public spending, and hence on economic growth and development prospects, countries whose total public revenue is highly dependent on resource revenue should adopt appropriate policies to ensure the rise in non-resource revenue, as well as the stability of the latter.Practical implicationsEconomic diversification in resource-rich countries (particularly in developing countries among them) could contribute to reducing the dependence of economies on natural resources, and hence the dependence of public revenue on resource revenue. Therefore, policies in favour of economic diversification would contribute to stabilizing non-resource revenue, which is essential for financing development needs.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this topic has not been addressed in the literature.

scholarly journals Do facial first impressions reflect a shared social reality?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Sutherland ◽  
Gillian Rhodes ◽  
Nichola Burton ◽  
Andrew Young
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

Influential facial impression models have repeatedly shown that trustworthiness, youthful-attractiveness and dominance dimensions subserve a wide variety of first impressions formed from strangers’ faces, suggestive of a shared social reality. However, these models are built from impressions aggregated across observers. Critically, recent work has now shown that inter-observer agreement in facial impressions is less than perfect, raising the important question of whether these dimensional models are meaningful at the individual-observer level. We addressed this question using a novel case series approach, building individual models of facial impressions for different observers. Strikingly, three dimensions of trustworthiness, youthful/attractiveness and competence/dominance appeared across the majority of individual observer models, demonstrating that the dimensional approach is indeed meaningful at the individual level. Nonetheless, we also found striking differences in the stability of the competence/dominance dimension across observers. Taken together, results suggest that individual differences in impressions arise in the context of a largely common structure that supports a shared social reality.

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