Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
System Level ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Citizen Support ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regime Support

The book takes a political-culture perspective on the struggle between democracy and autocracy by examining how these regimes fare in the eyes of their citizens. Taking a globally comparative approach, it studies both the levels as well as the individual- and system-level sources of political support in democracies and autocracies worldwide. The book develops an explanatory model of regime support which includes both individual- and system-level determinants and specifies not only the general causal mechanisms and pathways through which these determinants affect regime support but also spells out how these effects might vary between the two types of regimes. It empirically tests its propositions using multi-level structural equation modeling and a comprehensive dataset that combines recent public-opinion data from six cross-national survey projects with aggregate data from various sources for more than one hundred democracies and autocracies. It finds that both the levels and individual-level sources of regime support are the same in democracies and autocracies, but that the way in which system-level context factors affect regime support differs between the two types of regimes. The results enhance our understanding of what determines citizen support for fundamentally different regimes, help assessing the present and future stability of democracies and autocracies, and provide clear policy implications to those interested in strengthening support for democracy and/or fostering democratic change in autocracies.

Levels and sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-157
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
System Level ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Citizen Support ◽  
Autocratic Regimes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regime Support ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation

This chapter presents the results of the empirical analysis of levels and sources of citizen support for democratic and autocratic regimes. The analysis proceeds in three steps. First, it compares the levels of regime support in democracies and autocracies. It shows that levels of citizen support, while varying considerably across individual countries, are roughly equal between democratic and autocratic regimes. Second, the analysis investigates the individual-level sources of regime support. It finds evidence that the same set of individual-level sources affect regime support in democracies and autocracies and that they do so in virtually the same way across regimes. Third, it addresses the system-level sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, it observes effects of three of the four system-level sources in both types of regimes; yet, these system-level sources do not affect regime support in the same way in democracies as in autocracies.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Research Strategy ◽  
Political Support ◽  
System Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regime Stability ◽  
Citizen Support ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Regime Support ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This introductory chapter develops three core research questions for the book: How widespread is citizen support for the respective regime in democracies and autocracies? What individual-level sources is regime support based upon in democracies and autocracies? What system-level sources affect regime support in democracies and autocracies? Pointing out the relevance of political support for regime stability, it argues that answering these questions can contribute to assessing the stability of both democracies and autocracies. Following a brief review of the literature, it outlines the theoretical model proposed in the book and gives an overview of the research strategy, case selection, data, and methods applied in the empirical analysis.

The individual side of ambidexterity

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Salas Vallina ◽  
Maria D. Moreno-Luzon ◽  
Anna Ferrer-Franco
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Exploration And Exploitation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to examine whether inspirational leadership of heads of specialized medical units is related to individual ambidexterity of their dependent physicians; and second, to study the possible mediating role of organizational learning capability (OLC) in the relationship between inspirational leadership and individual ambidexterity.Design/methodology/approachStructural equation modeling was used on a sample of 194 medical specialists from Spanish public hospitals.FindingsResults show that inspirational leadership is positively related to individual ambidexterity among healthcare physicians. In addition, the results of the study revealed that the relationship between inspirational leadership and individual ambidexterity is mediated by conditions that facilitate learning, namely, OLC.Research limitations/implicationsThis study uses cross-sectional data, which do not guarantee causality relationships among the examined variables.Practical implicationsThe results of this paper suggest first that heads of healthcare units should inspire followers to achieve both exploration and exploitation. Second, it is also necessary to consider that inspirational leaders promote those conditions that facilitate learning, which should be particularly taken into account to enhance both physician’s exploration and exploitation.Originality/valueIn stressing an evident gap in the relationship between leadership and ambidexterity at the individual level, this paper attempts to advance in the leadership literature by revealing how the action or power of moving the intellect or emotions, and enhancing enthusiasm and confidence, empowers physicians to both explore and exploit knowledge. The results also indicate that the inspiration transmitted by the heads of medical services, facilitate physician’s perceived learning conditions which, in turn, fosters their individual ambidexterity.

Developing Individual Level Outcome Measures in the Context of Knowledge Management Success

2010 ◽  
pp. 106-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahnawaz Muhammed ◽  
William J. Doll ◽  
Xiaodong Deng
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

Success of organizational level knowledge management initiatives depends on how effectively individuals implementing these initiatives use their knowledge to bring about outcomes that add value in their work. To facilitate assessment of individual level outcomes in the knowledge management context, this research provides a model of interrelationships among individual level knowledge management success measures which include conceptual knowledge, contextual knowledge, operational knowledge, innovation, and performance. The model was tested using structural equation modeling based on data collected from managerial and professional knowledge workers. The results suggest that conceptual knowledge enhances operational and contextual knowledge. Contextual knowledge improves operational knowledge and is also a key predictor of innovations. The innovativeness of an individual’s work along with operational knowledge enhances work performance. The results support the proposed model. This model can potentially be used for measuring knowledge management success at the individual level.

Sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-72
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Performance Evaluations ◽  
System Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regime Support

This chapter develops an explanatory model of regime support applicable to both democracies and autocracies. The explanatory model includes both individual- and system-level determinants and explicates how these interact in shaping regime support. On the individual-level, it integrates culturalist and institutionalist explanations of support to arrive at five central sources of regime support: political value orientations, societal value orientations, incumbent support, democratic performance evaluations, and systemic performance evaluations. On the system level, it draws on social psychological theories of attitude formation and identifies four sources of regime support: macro-cultural context, macro-political context, actual systemic performance, and level of socioeconomic modernization. Recurring to the fundamental differences between democracies and autocracies, the explanatory model expects the individual-level processes forming regime support to be universal across regime types, but effects of system-level sources of regime support to vary between democracies and autocracies, due to indoctrination and propaganda distorting the attitude-formation process in autocracies.

E-leadership: an empirical study of organizational leaders’ virtual communication adoption

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 826-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheol Liu ◽  
David Ready ◽  
Alexandru Roman ◽  
Montgomery Van Wart ◽  
XiaoHu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Virtual Communication ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
The Individual

PurposeEven though e-leadership was broadly defined in 2001 (Avolioet al.), there has been surprisingly little progress (Avolioet al., 2014). In order to make a better progress, the authors recommend dividing the field into four quadrants to facilitate the research focus. It can be divided by e-leadership phases (the adoption of technology phase vs the quality of use of technology phase), as well as the purposes (e-leadership as virtual communication vs e-leadership as management of organizational structures). The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis study provides a model of e-leadership as communication adoption at the individual level (ECAMi). Structural equation modeling was used to test a previously published model by Van Wartet al.(2017a). The model included select traits and skills (as antecedent conditions), awareness of ICTs, evaluation of ICTs, willingness to expend effort in learning about ICTs, intention to use ICTs, and facilitating conditions.FindingsThe overall model demonstrates a good fit. It can be concluded that the ECAMirepresents a valid model for understanding e-leaders’ technological adoption. It is also found that while all select skills and traits are significant – energy, responsibility and analytical skills stand above the others.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this represents the first effort to operationalize e-leadership.

Using psychological capital at organizational levels of study

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalachew Almaw Tefera ◽  
William D. Hunsaker
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Organizational Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodological Considerations

PurposeSince the term's introduction two decades ago, “psychological capital” has been described as an intangible strategic organizational resource. However, there remains a dearth of research regarding its application, especially in the macro-management fields. This paper addresses this gap by elevating the individual-level psychological capital (ILPC) concept to an equivalent organizational-level psychological capital (OLPC) model with appropriate methodological considerations.Design/methodology/approachThe elevation of ILPC to OLPC is conducted using referent shift approach. Then, the proposed OLPC model is tested and validated using the partial least-squares structural equation modeling analysis technique.FindingsTesting the OLPC model adequately validated the basic requirements of reliability, validity, multicollinearity and redundancy analysis. To ensure the practical use of the proposed model, a simulation study was also conducted, and the results confirmed the strength of ILPC being elevated to a model of OLPC.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings imply a better understanding of psychological capital from a multilevel perspective and present cross-level opportunities to enrich the scholarly corpus. The current paper also provides an insight into psychological capital management efficiency at all organizational levels so that the greatest benefits can be obtained.Originality/valueThis paper shows, for the first time, the possibility of borrowing ILPC concepts to help enact OLPC in organizations by means of a survey study. This paves the way for further investigation into the use of psychological capital at strategic and other macromanagement levels. Finally, future studies are encouraged to triangulate and strengthen the main arguments presented here.

Nourish what you own: psychological ownership, materialism and pro-environmental behavioral intentions

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reto Felix ◽  
Jacob Almaguer
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Psychological Ownership ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Environmental Behaviors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

PurposeResearchers have become increasingly interested in the construct of psychological ownership in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to extend the target of psychological ownership to planet Earth as a whole and investigate its relationship with materialism and pro-environmental behavioral intentions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a survey with 236 college students from a public university in the Southeast of the USA. The model fit from a confirmatory factor analysis is very satisfactory. Mediation of psychological ownership for the planet is formally tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) and Hayes’ (2013) macro for SPSS.FindingsThe findings of this paper support the expectation that both the individual (my planet) and the collective-oriented dimensions (our planet) of individual-level psychological ownership are positively related to recycling intentions and the intention to purchase green products. Further, formal mediation tests show that psychological ownership for my planet, but not for our planet, mediates the relationship between material values and pro-environmental behaviors.Practical implicationsCompanies that aim to gain competitive advantage through green citizenship can highlight the individual or shared ownership of the planet to align the political agenda of government officials with their company mission, vision and brand positioning.Originality/valueThe current paper contributes to the emerging body of literature on psychological ownership by extending its target to planet Earth as a whole. It is the first paper to explain the previously observed negative relationship between materialism and pro-environmental behaviors through the mechanism of psychological ownership.

scholarly journals Management Innovation and Middle Managers: The Role of Empowering Leadership, Voice, and Collectivist Orientation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Sylvia Rohlfer ◽  
Abderrahman Hassi ◽  
Simon Jebsen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
Leadership Behavior ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Management Innovation ◽  
Empowering Leadership ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Exposing under which conditions management innovation diffuses within firms, this study investigates at the individual level the mediating influence of middle managers’ voice behavior on the relationship between CEOs’ empowering leadership behavior and perceived management innovation. We also propose that the magnitude of this relationship depends on middle managers’ collectivist orientation. This study exploits a unique Moroccan sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and utilizes structural equation modeling to analyze the studied relations. We found that the positive relationship between CEOs’ empowering leadership behavior and management innovation is mediated by middle managers’ voice. This effect is conditioned by middle managers’ collectivist orientations, which positively influence their attention to CEOs’ signals and the value and frequency of their contributions to management innovation. While research has identified the external and organizational factors that shape management innovation, our study concentrates on the individual level and accentuates that middle managers’ closeness to management processes, combined with their access to technical knowledge, renders them essential to management innovation. We contradict arguments that middle managers may be less inclined to help management innovation to emerge. SMEs can systematically invest in management innovation by advancing their managerial capabilities and considering individual value orientations.

Causal paths to acceptance of technological innovations by individual employees

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majharul Talukder
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Innovation Adoption ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Adoption Of Innovation ◽  
The Individual

Purpose Despite much research on organizations’ adoption of innovation, little is currently known about individual employees have gone about it. The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the determinants that address individual employees’ decisions concerning innovation in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 272 employees from a tertiary education institution in Australia using a structured instrument. Findings Results from the structural equation modeling analysis indicate that enjoyment and motivation impact significantly on attitudes to an innovation, which, in turn, affects how employees behave toward it. Practical implications Furthermore, organizational patronage, innovativeness and self-image have been found to influence the innovation adoption process. These findings have implications for the effective management and implementation of an innovation at the individual level. Originality/value Although innovation adoption has been studied extensively, drivers of adoption and research on individual innovation acceptance remain limited. Designing an effective approach for increasing end-user acceptance and subsequent use of innovation continues to be a fundamental challenge. The current literature indicates that we know relatively little about the ways in which individuals adopt and the factors that influence individual adoption of innovation. This study is designed to fill that gap. The identification of the factors is important to create a work environment that is conducive to individual adoption of innovation and thereby gain the expected benefits from the innovation.

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