Where is morphological complexity?

2020 ◽  
pp. 306-328
Author(s):  
Marianne Mithun
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Different Types

A number of approaches have been taken to defining complexity in language. The issue is important, since underlying some theoretical models has been an assumption, sometimes explicit, sometimes unconscious, that the simplest formal description of a language naturally matches speaker knowledge. But it is not clear that complexity is the same for the analyst, the speaker, and the learner. Here the issue is explored in two languages with relative morphological complexity, but of different types, Central Pomo and Mohawk. First the speech of bilinguals with varying degrees of English dominance is compared. Next, the development of morphological complexity is traced in children learning Mohawk as a first language. The results indicate that complexity is indeed not the same for analysts, speakers, and learners, findings more in tune with abstractive models of morphology than constructive ones.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Bilingual Education Models and Its Application on Primary School Children Literacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Yang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Bilingual Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
First Language ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Academic Skills ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Second Language Development ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Negative Impacts

<p><em>The term “bilingual education” can be described as a concept of educational research, based on its literal meaning, it usually refers to any educational program that involves two languages in the progress of teaching and learning. In modern society, bilingual education becomes increasingly popular, and has been widely used for the purpose of early education in many countries. This essay evaluates different types of bilingual education (early immersion, two-way language education, maintenance education) by analysing their strengths and limitations mainly in aspects of first language and second language development. From the systematic overview on the three most well-known forms of bilingual education, the author finds that all of them have influence on improving language skills and academic skills in a rolling basis while generally have no negative impacts on their growing process.</em></p>

Turtles all the way down: Micro-cues and piecemeal transfer in L3 phonology and syntax

2020 ◽  
pp. 026765832094103
Author(s):  
John Archibald
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
First Language ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Third Language ◽  
Third Language Acquisition ◽  
The One ◽  
Crosslinguistic Influence ◽  
The Way

There are several theories which tackle predicting the source of third language (L3) crosslinguistic influence. The two orthogonal questions that arise are which language is most likely to influence the L3 and whether the influence will be wholesale or piecemeal (property-by-property). To my mind, Westergaard’s Linguistic Proximity Model (LPM) is preferable to other theoretical models (say Rothman’s Typological Primacy Model) insofar as it is consistent with many aspects of L2/L3 phonological learnability that I am familiar with. Westergaard proposes a structure-based piecemeal approach to the explanation of third language acquisition (L3A). The model is driven by parsing and dictates that the first language (L1) or second language (L2) structure which is hypothesized to be most similar to the L3 structure will be the one to transfer.

Coalescence and separation in binary collisions of liquid drops

1990 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ashgriz ◽  
J. Y. Poo
Keyword(s):  
Weber Number ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Binary Collision ◽  
Collision Dynamics ◽  
Number Range ◽  
Liquid Drops ◽  
Binary Collisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Large Impact Parameter ◽  
Water Drops

An extensive experimental investigation of the binary collision dynamics of water drops for size ratios of 1. 0.75, and 0.5, for the Weber-number range of 1 to 100, and for all impact parameters is reported. Two different types of separating collisions, namely reflexive and stretching separations, are identified. Reflexive separation is found to occur for near head-on collisions, while stretching separation occurs for large-impact-parameter collisions. The boundaries between both of the separating collisions and coalescence collision are found experimentally. Theoretical models for predictions of the reflexive and stretching separation are also given.

scholarly journals Child-directed speech is statistically optimized for meaning extraction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghao You ◽  
Balthasar Bickel ◽  
Moritz M. Daum ◽  
Sabine Stoll
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Underlying Distribution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Distributional Learning ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Extract Information

The way infants manage to extract meaning from the speech stream when learning their first language is a highly complex adaptive behavior. This behavior chiefly relies on the ability to extract information from speech they hear and combine it with the external environment they encounter. However, little is known about the underlying distribution of information in speech that conditions this ability. Here we examine properties of this distribution that support meaning extraction in three different types of speech: child-directed speech, adult conversation, and, as a control, written language. We find that verb meanings in child-directed speech can already be successfully extracted from simple co-occurrences of neighboring words, whereas meaning extraction in the other types of speech fundamentally requires access to more complex structural relations between neighboring words. These results suggest that child-directed speech is ideally shaped for a learner who has not yet mastered the structural complexity of her language and therefore mainly relies on distributional learning mechanisms to develop an understanding of linguistic meanings.

scholarly journals Woordvormingsprocédé's Bij Verwijzing Naar Objecten in Tweede-Taalverwervingsprocessen van Volwassenen

1988 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Broeder ◽  
Guus Extra
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
First Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Acquisition Processes

The following questions are taken into account: . what types of word formation principles are used by language learners? . what lexemes are combined in nominal compounds (N+N) and nomi-nal circumscriptions (N+prep+N)? . what semantic relations are expressed in nominal compounds? . what binding principles are taken into account? . what suffixes are used in derivational processes? . what semantic roles do these suffixes refer to? Data analysis is based on the use of L2 Dutch by 2 Turkish and 2 Moroccan adult informants in 2 types of activities (film commenting and conversation), at 3 different moments in the course of language learning (Ntotal=4 informants χ 2 activities χ 3 moments = 24 transcribed texts). In accordance with findings on first language acquisition processes, compounds not only precede derivations, but at the same time they compensate for standard derivations, thus resulting in lexical innova-tions. All informants make a creative and innovative use of a variety of compounding principles. In addition, opposite principles in Arabic and Turkish seem to lead to different preferences of our learners: . the Turkish informants make more use of different types of nominal compounds than do the Moroccan informants; . only the Turkish informants make more use of left oriented com-pounds, based on a combination of more than two lexemes; . only the Moroccan informants make use of circumscriptions. Finally, the following preferences of our learners are in accordance with standard language preferences: nominal compounds, in comparison with other types of compounding; . specifier head compounds, in comparison with other nominal com-pounds; . goal relations in specifier head compounds, in comparison with other types of semantic relations; . zero marking as a binding principle within specifier head com-pounds, in comparison with other binding principles.

Input-output effects in the bilingual first language acquisition of English and Polish

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Gaskins
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
First Language ◽  
Diary Study ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Usage Rates ◽  
Social Words

Abstract This diary study looks at the acquisition of early words in two bilingual sisters (0;9–2;03.22 and 0;9–1;09.13) exposed to English and Polish from birth. It examines whether their parents’ input recorded on video can explain the proportions of different types of words learnt. Their bias for social words is explained by these words being heard in isolation; that for nouns by competitive proportions of noun types heard in the input. Contrarily, the late acquisition of closed-class items is explained by their high usage rates as part of constructions. Meanwhile, high numbers of early verbs in both children’s Polish are explained by inflected Polish verbs being heard (a) in isolation and (b) at the beginning and end of utterances more frequently than their uninflected English counterparts. These results are discussed within the context of the usage-based theory, with focus on the impact of word types for the acquisition of word groups.

Internal motivations and formal approaches

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-221
Author(s):  
Anne Breitbarth ◽  
Christopher Lucas ◽  
David Willis
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
First Language ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation

This chapter argues that, while the creation of indefinites from generic nouns is grammaticalization in the form of upwards reanalysis from N to R, the quantifier and free-choice cycles do not in fact constitute instances of grammaticalization. Indefinites restricted to stronger negative-polarity contexts are not more functional than indefinites licensed in weaker negative-polarity contexts. Rather, it is argued that implicational semantic features requiring roofing by different types of operators situated in the Q head of indefinites, and in particular the way they are acquired in first language acquisition, are responsible for the diachronic developments. Negative concord items arise through an acquisitional mechanism maximizing the number of agreement relations in the acquired grammar consistent with the primary linguistic data.

scholarly journals A systematic review of transfer studies in third language acquisition

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eloi Puig-Mayenco ◽  
Jorge González Alonso ◽  
Jason Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
First Language ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Transfer Data ◽  
Third Language ◽  
Third Language Acquisition ◽  
L3 Acquisition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Present Systematic Review

The present systematic review examines what factors determine when, how and to what extent previous linguistic experience (from the first language, second language or both languages) affects the initial stages and beyond of adult third language (L3) acquisition. In doing so, we address what a bird’s eye view of the data tells us regarding competing theoretical accounts of L3 morphosyntactic transfer. Data couple together to suggest that some factors are more influential than others. As discussed, the systematic review transcends the field of adult multilingualism precisely because of what it reveals, as a prima facie example in behavioral research, in terms of how different types of methodological considerations impact the way data are interpreted to support or not particular claims.

Centrifugal Compressor Surge Behaviour

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wachter ◽  
K.-H. Rohne
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Industrial Design ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Transient Characteristic ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
System Behaviour ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Compressor Surge ◽  
Surge Line

The unsteady behaviour of compressor systems near the surge line and during surge was investigated. Experimental examinations were carried out using a three stage centrifugal compressor of industrial design in different types of piping systems. The results obtained were compared with different theoretical models. It is demonstrated that the compressor system behaviour can be calculated adequately, if sufficient data concerning the transient characteristic of the compressor are available.

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