Conclusions

2020 ◽  
pp. 249-252
Author(s):  
Marta Celati
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Humanist Tradition ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Ideal

The final section sums up the main innovative findings of this whole study. It points out how starting from the second half of the fifteenth century the development of a ‘thematic genre’ of literature on conspiracies was influenced by, but at the same time contributed to, the phenomenon of the literary fashioning of the profile of the ideal ruler, who now corresponded to the figure of a princeps. This literature also contributed to the creation of a new language and symbology of power through the multifunctional reworking of the classical legacy. This evolution culminated in Machiavelli’s attention to the issue of political plots in this work, with an approach that proves to be partly inspired by the previous cultural horizon, but already prominently projected towards an utterly new conceptual world. This analysis, besides providing a missing chapter on the background of Machiavelli’s work, more generally, underlines the significant contribution made by the humanist tradition, through its various literary expressions, to the development of modern political theories and to the history of our culture.

The Iberian Atlantic to 1650

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart B. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
World View ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Political Control ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Two Kingdoms

The Castilians and Portuguese were the first Europeans to create systems of continual communication, trade, and political control spanning the Atlantic. Following medieval precedents and moved by similar economic and demographic factors, these two kingdoms embarked in the late fifteenth century on a course of expansion that led to the creation of overseas empires and contact with other societies and peoples. This process produced a series of political, religious, social, and ethical problems that would confront other nations pursuing empire. Portugal and Castile were sometimes rivals, sometimes allies, and for sixty years (1580–1640) parts of a composite monarchy under the same rulers. Their answers to the challenges of creating empires varied according to circumstances and resources, but they were not unaware of each others' efforts, failures, and successes nor of their common Catholic heritage and world-view that set the framework of their imperial vision, their rule, and their social organisation. This article focuses on the history of the Iberian Atlantic to 1650, the Atlantic origins and Caribbean beginnings, conquest and settlement to 1570, and imperial spaces and trade.

A Political History of Literature

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Jha
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Political Ethics ◽  
Actionable Knowledge ◽  
Political Biography ◽  
Political Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Literature ◽  
The Ideal

Vidyapati was a poet and a scholar who lived in the fifteenth century north Bihar and composed nearly a dozen texts on varied themes in three languages. The book focuses on three of Vidyapati’s texts: Likhanāvalī, a Sanskrit treatise on writing letters and documents; Puruṣaparīkṣā, a Sanskrit compilation of mytho-historical stories focused on masculinity and political ethics; and Kīrtilatā, a political biography in Apabhraṃśa of a prince of Mithila composed in the ākhyāyikā style. Together, these compositions provide an exciting entry point into the knowledge formations of the fifteenth century. As such, the book marks a fascinating reading of politics in the literatures of a time that is known for a notorious absence of any ‘imperial’ formation. It does so by placing each of the three texts side by side with other texts composed earlier on identical or similar themes, genres, and ideas in the same and other languages. A critical historicization of the language, composition, and contents of the texts reveal an exciting and messy world of idioms, ideas, and skills drawn from different literary-political traditions. Strikingly, each upheld the ideal of imperium and provided for the cultivation of skills, ethics, and useable pasts appropriate for imperial projects. The book argues that the literary visions that sustained (and gained from) the imperial states in the earlier centuries did not disappear with the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate. They lingered and found hospitable grounds in humbler locations. Vidyapati inherited and reworked these visions into newer, more ‘actionable’ knowledge forms.

The Challenge of the New

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Pagden
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
History Of Europe

Europe's incursion into the Atlantic — the ‘occidental break out’ — after the mid-fifteenth century created many challenges and generated many kinds of ‘newness’ for all of those caught up in it. For the peoples of the African littoral, of the Canary Islands, of the Caribbean, and of the American mainland, the contact with Europeans throughout this period was inevitably, if not always initially, violent. Both Africa and America had been the site of large political structures which the Europeans called ‘empires’, Zimbabwe and Benin, Aztec Mexico and Inca Peru, before the fifteenth century. The discovery of America had seriously undermined both classical geography and the traditional Christian accounts of the creation and subsequent peopling of the world. It offered, however, other, less direct, challenges to the ancient understanding of the world which in the end, were to be even more devastating for the subsequent history of Europe.

Texts and Tombs

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-128
Author(s):  
Jyoti Gulati Balachandran
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Regional Networks ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

The consolidation of a texted past around Sufi migrants in fifteenth-century Gujarat was accompanied by the development of the tomb-shrines of Aḥmad Khattū and two members of the Suhrawardi spiritual fraternity, Burhān al-Dīn ‘Abdullāh (d. 1453) and Sirāj al-Dīn Muḥammad (d. 1475). Texts and tombs represented conjoined processes that enabled ongoing community formation. The tomb shrines created regional networks of disciples and pilgrims focused on the burial sites of the Sufis just as texts increasingly cohered the history of the buried Sufis and their community into genealogies and overlapping personal connections. This chapter argues that the participation of the Gujarat Sultans in the creation of a sacral geography—through patronage, shrine veneration, and not least of all the building of palatial structures and royal tombs in close proximity—reflected the intertwined processes of state, community, and region formation in fifteenth-century Gujarat.

The Presidential Pocket Veto: Its Use and Legality

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel B. Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Presidential Effectiveness ◽  
Scholarly Attention

The general constitutional authority of the President to veto legislation passed by Congress has recently received renewed scholarly attention. However, few studies have focused on the pocket veto—the power to negate proposed laws sent for approval without the possibility of reconsideration—and its ramifications for presidential effectiveness. This research comprehensively investigates the creation, development, and employment of the pocket veto. First, this article will trace the history of this form of executive prerogative from colonial times through its establishment in the Constitution. Second, it will review the use of the pocket veto in the nineteenth century. Third, it will undertake a seminal empirical probe of influences on public-bill pocket-veto frequency from 1889 to 1989. Fourth, I will delineate congressional and court challenges to the use of this executive device. In the final section, I will assess the consequences of heightened consternation over pocket-veto use.

Fugue in the Sixteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Walker
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Compositional Style ◽  
Early History ◽  
Initial Presentation ◽  
The Real ◽  
Josquin Des Prez ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Further Development

This book explores the roots of the classic fugue and the early history of non-canonic fugal writing through the three principal fugal genres of the sixteenth century: motet, ricercar, and canzona. The book begins with the pivot in Western composition from an emphasis on variety to one on repetition, first developed by such Franco-Flemish composers as Loyset Compère and Josquin des Prez toward the end of the fifteenth century. By around 1520 Jean Mouton and his contemporaries had established the classic Franco-Flemish motet with its well-known point-of-imitation structure. Nicolas Gombert proved to be the real pioneer in the further development of this idea in the 1530s when he explored the return of thematic material after its initial presentation, an approach that proved central not only to the motet writing of Thomas Crecquillon and Jacobus Clemens non Papa, but also to the earliest experiments in serious abstract instrumental composition (the ricercar) undertaken by a series of organists active in Venice, most notably Claudio Merulo and Andrea Gabrieli. The most important innovation of the last decades of the century was the creation at the hands of Brescian organists of the fugal canzona alla francese, an instrumental genre inspired not by the sophisticated compositional style of the motet, but by the contrapuntally looser approach of such imitative chansons as Passereau’s Il est bel et bon. By century’s end, composers such as Giovanni de Macque had given the canzona a contrapuntal integrity commensurate with that of the ricercar.

scholarly journals YUNINI COPY OF SAHIH AL-BUKHARI

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
FERUZ KHOLMUMINOV ◽  
OYBEK SOTVOLDIYEV
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Greek Version ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Printing House

Among the collections of hadiths, the work of Imam al-Bukhari “Sahih al-Bukhari” is recognized as the most reliable book of hadiths. From the history of the creation of the work, it is known that Imam al-Bukhari created this work with great patience and perseverance for 16 years. It should be noted that the ideal and perfect state in which it has come down to our days is the result of the enormous work put into it. This process consisted of several stages. At the frst stage, several storytellers listened to “Sahih” from Imam Bukhari himself and wrote the book directly in the presence of the Imam. The storytellers, in turn, were copied by their students. Gradually, various manuscripts of the work became widespread in Muslim countries. With the further distribution of copies, differences began to appear between them. In this regard, an important task was to generalize all copies of the manuscript, identify the differences between them, and compile the most reliable text of the work. Among those who tried to carry out this noble work was Sharafddin al-Yunini (d. 701/1302). By comparing his various narratives, he created the most authentic text, Sahih al-Bukhari, known to date. As a result of his diligence and great efforts in the feld of science, the alYunini’s version became the main text of Sahih al-Bukhari. In 1893, Sultan Abdulhamid Khan (d. 701/1302). issued a decree on the publication of Sahih Bukhari based on a copy of al-Yunini. The fact that this edition was produced by al-Azhar’s team of 16 scholars in the largest printing house of the time, Bulaq Amiriya, is in recognition of the great interest in al-Yunini’s work and creativity. This article discusses issues related to the creation of the frst copies of Sahih al-Bukhari, the research work of alYunini, and the publication of the work in the printing house Bulak-Amiriya. At the beginning of the article, information is given about the narrators who transmitted Sahih al-Bukhari directly from Imam al-Bukhari. It then discusses the spread of the work in the Islamic world, the appearance of various copies, and the differences between them. The main part of the article is devoted to the cal-Yunini’s version of Sahih al-Bukhari, the most reliable manuscript, and the history of its writing. At the end of the article, the publication of Sahih al-Bukhari in Egypt is described in detail based on the Greek version during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II.

scholarly journals Yaroslav Isaievych as a researcher in the history of book publishing in Ukraine

2014 ◽  
pp. 262-267
Author(s):  
Feodosii Steblii
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

The scholarly achievements of the prominent Ukrainian scientist Y. Isaievych in the field of history of Ukrainian publishing are traced. Y. Isaievych has a number of monographs and numerous articles on the book-publishing of medieval fraternities of Ukraine, sources for the history of Ukrainian culture of the 16th–18th centuries, the development of printing in Ukraine during the 16th-20th centuries, significant contribution to the creation of The History of Ukrainian Culture as a fundamental five-volume work.

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