Unit I 10,13

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Food Preparation ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Small Glass ◽  
Volcanic Deposit ◽  
Ceramic Vessel ◽  
South Wall ◽  
Glass Bottles ◽  
Northeast Corner

The pavement of this unit was of cocciopesto and the walls were covered with a high cocciopesto socle with upper parts in coarse plaster. A wooden stairway ascended from the south-west corner, along the west wall, and an L-shaped, red-painted masonry bench (h.: 760 mm; l.: 3.3 m; w.: 60 mm), inset with two small dolia, projected into the centre of the room from the south-east corner. In the west end of this bench Elia recorded a masonry fornello. Remains of the closing system, included an iron door key, were found in the east entrance. The presence of the key suggests that this establishment was abandoned in haste. On the pavement near the north jamb, an inscribed amphora was found. In the northeast corner, a small ceramic vase was found. Against the south wall stood a tripod on which were found the remains of another ceramic vessel. On the bench were found: a bronze funnel; four more ceramic vases; the base of a terra sigillata dish, possibly reused; a large glass storage jar; two small glass bottles; a bronze tube; a clay lamp; and two bronze coins, one Republican and one an as of Tiberius. These finds point to this area having been used for food preparation although this is less evident for the two small glass bottles. A bronze ring, possibly a finger-ring, and four more coins (Republican and Julio-Claudian) were found a few centimetres above the pavement. At 2.5 m above the pavement were found a bronze cooking pot, a bronze bucket, and a terra sigillata dish. These objects were conceivably from the upper storey, implying that cooking and eating may also have been taking place there, although these could have been disturbed from the ground floor. Elia identified this as a ‘taberna’ and Packer referred to it as ‘Caupona Poppaeorum’. The finds indicate that food was being prepared here. Packer believed that the owner had a small apartment above. If the finds from the upper levels of the volcanic deposit were from the upper floor, this would suggest that cooking activities were also being carried out there. However, this seems an unlikely activity in the residence of someone who ran a food outlet.

House I 10,1

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Glass Vessel ◽  
Unknown Type ◽  
West Wall ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Volcanic Deposit

In November 1926 the excavators recorded moving lapilli from in front of this house and from the entrance but no finds were reported in these areas. On 8 July 1932 they recorded removing disturbed volcanic deposit from the middle levels in the northeast area of this insula. A breach (min. h.: 2 m), now patched, in the south end of the west wall of room 2 and 1.05 m above the floor, presumably penetrated into this space and documents disturbance after ad 79. Elia observed that the room had been covered and had been divided for all or part of its length by a ‘tramezzo ligneo’ which Ling interprets as a wooden partition to screen the stairway. In the north-east corner, are three masonry steps from a stairway which Ling argued ascended along the east wall. Ling argues that the installation of this stairway would have put out of commission the recess and lararium painting (dimensions: 0.55 m × 0.4 m) behind it. The remains of a late Third Style decoration are found on the walls. The loose finds from near the north entrance of this space and from near the entrance to room 3 were predominantly door-fittings, with the possible exception of a small marble base. A small key reported in the latter location may originally have been from storage furniture but was unlikely to have been in use as no other remains of such furnishings were recorded. The only other find in this area was a glass vessel of unknown type. Elia called this room an ‘atrium’. The finds are not particularly diagnostic but, even if this area was disturbed, they hint that it had been relatively unencumbered with furnishings, probably serving predominantly as a reception and access area for the rest of the house. The breach in the south end of the west wall of this room implies that it may have been disturbed after ad 79. The walls had a simple painted decoration but this room had no evident fixtures. According to Elia it was an ‘oecus’. The limited ceramic finds (a jug, a terra sigillata dish, and a lamp) are associated with lighting and probably with the serving or storage of foodstuffs.

Hatshepsut’s Punt Reliefs: Their Structure and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 189-203
Author(s):  
Filip Taterka
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Wall ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wall ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
North Wall ◽  
And Function ◽  
Female Counterpart

The article examines the layout of Hatshepsut’s Punt reliefs, proposing a new interpretation of their internal structure and ideological function within the decorative programme of the Deir el-Bahari temple. The author argues that the reliefs form a cycle of subsequent scenes, starting at the southernmost end of the west wall, continuing through the south wall up to the northern part of the west wall. As for the scenes represented on the northernmost end of the west wall and on the north wall, it is argued that they should be viewed as forming a single ideological entity, which at the same time corresponds to the long historical inscription placed on the easternmost end of the south wall. That way the reliefs reflect both aspects of Egyptian eternity: the linear (in the cycle of subsequent episodes) and the circular one (in the ideological link between the southern- and northernmost extremities of the Punt Portico). As for the function of the reliefs, it is argued that they were supposed to magically repeat Hatshepsut’s Punt expedition and thus provide her divine father Amun-Ra with all exotic products necessary in his cult. The author also tries to demonstrate, how Hatshepsut was gradually identified with the goddess Hathor in her aspect of the Lady of Punt and the female counterpart of Amun-Ra throughout the Punt reliefs.

I 10, 8 and 9

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Ling ◽  
Paul Arthur ◽  
Georgia Clarke ◽  
Estelle Lazer ◽  
Lesley A. Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
South Side ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Boundary ◽  
The One ◽  
Northeast Corner

This complex consists of an atrium-house from which a front room has been separated at a late stage to form an independent shop or workshop. Together they occupy the north-west corner of the insula, the house opening northwards and the shop westwards. Before the shop was separated from it, the house had a relatively broad facade (approx. 14 m.), but the oblique alignment of the insula boundary to the west resulted in a considerable contraction towards the rear. At the southern end of the roofed part of the house, coinciding with the south walls of rooms 10 and 12, the property is only 10 m. wide; and the garden beyond this, thanks primarily to a shift in the line of the eastern boundary becomes even narrower, contracting to less than 8.50 m. As in the Casa del Fabbro, the atrium (1) is set against one of the property boundaries, this time the west rather than the east; but, owing to the greater width of the house, it is broader (from 7.20 to 8.20 m.) and still allows space for a deep room on the east. The impluvium is centrally positioned in relation to the short (south) side. The fauces, however, enters the atrium somewhat off-centre, 3.80 m. from the northeast corner and 2.70 m. from the north-west, presumably in order to obtain three more or less equally sized rooms on the north facade. As the plot contracts toward the rear, this tripartite division becomes more difficult; the outlying rooms, on the west side particularly are uncomfortably narrow and cramped. Of the three rooms on the north front, the westernmost is the one which in the final period had become a shop with an independent entrance (I 10, 9); it had formerly been a corner room opening from the atrium via a doorway immediately adjacent to the fauces, but this doorway was blocked and a new entrance, 2.30 m. wide, quoined in opus listatum, was opened in the west wall (Pl 90). The lava threshold (Fig. 61) points to fittings typical of a shop: a separate pivoted door and vertical planks set overlapping in a groove.

House I 10,18

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Food Preparation ◽  
The South ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Volcanic Deposit ◽  
South Wall ◽  
Small House ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Wall Decoration

The walls outside this entrance were decorated with a high red socle with white fields above, on which were painted simple inscriptions in red. The entranceway itself had a simple pavement and remains of black decoration on the walls. Outside the entrance, on either side, are two plastered masonry seats (south seat—h.: 0.45 m; dimensions: 0.4 m × 1.2 m; north seat—h.: 0.5 m; dimensions: 0.37 m × 0.9 m). These seats are thought to have been for waiting clients but this is rather a small house to need such a facility. Such seats were probably used more generally by the householders and passers-by. No finds were recorded here. This front hall had a cocciopesto pavement and traces of wall decoration consisting of a high black socle with simple white fields above, similar to that in the entranceway. It had a cocciopesto impluvium (dimensions: 1.2 m × 0.9 m), inset with fragments of coloured marble. A wooden stairway along the south wall ascended to the east. Underneath was a cupboard (w.: 0.95 m; l.: 3.6 m) with plastered walls and wooden doors. The only finds recorded from this area were ceramic vessels of various types, including one large amphora. This contrasts with the plethora of finds from many other atria and suggests that this area had been abandoned, or at least its use had been restricted, during the last occupancy. According to Elia, this room was probably a ‘cubiculum’, its walls decorated with a low light red socle, and yellow central and upper zones. Parts of the upper zone, however, consisted of only coarse white plaster. No evidence remains of the original pavement. Finds from this room consisted of: an iron padlock, probably from the door; two small ceramic vases; one amphora; and an as of Claudius. In the disturbed volcanic deposit in this room were also found: another similar iron lock; a ceramic vase; and a ceramic basin, both of which may have been used for mixing, possibly in food preparation; a carpenter’s hammer; a bronze ring; and a dupondius of Vespasian (ad 74). The finds assemblage is unlike that commonly found in decorated rooms of this type, and is seemingly much more utilitarian.

US and Russian policies and strategies in the Middle East: Iraq and Syria as a model

2019 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Esraa Aladdin Noori ◽  
Nasser Zain AlAbidine Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Western World ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

The Russian-American relations have undergone many stages of conflict and competition over cooperation that have left their mark on the international balance of power in the Middle East. The Iraqi and Syrian crises are a detailed development in the Middle East region. The Middle East region has allowed some regional and international conflicts to intensify, with the expansion of the geopolitical circle, which, if applied strategically to the Middle East region, covers the area between Afghanistan and East Asia, From the north to the Maghreb to the west and to the Sudan and the Greater Sahara to the south, its strategic importance will seem clear. It is the main lifeline of the Western world.

scholarly journals Gitksan

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Brown ◽  
Henry Davis ◽  
Michael Schwan ◽  
Barbara Sennott
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North

Gitksan (git) is an Interior Tsimshianic language spoken in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is closely related to Nisga'a, and more distantly related to Coast Tsimshian and Southern Tsimshian. The specific dialect of Gitksan presented here is what can be called Eastern Gitksan, spoken in the villages of Kispiox (Ansbayaxw), Glen Vowell (Sigit'ox), and Hazelton (Git-an'maaxs), which contrasts with the Western dialects, spoken in the villages of Kitwanga (Gitwingax), Gitanyow (Git-anyaaw), and Kitseguecla (Gijigyukwhla). The primary phonological differences between the dialects are a lexical shift in vowels and the presence of stop lenition in the Eastern dialects. While there exists a dialect continuum, the primary cultural and political distinction drawn is between Eastern and Western Gitksan. For reference, Gitksan is bordered on the west by Nisga'a, in the south by Coast Tsimshian and Witsuwit'en, in the east by Dakelh and Sekani, and in the north by Tahltan (the latter four of these being Athabaskan languages).

The Villa Item and a Bride's Ordeal

1929 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Toynbee
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
The North ◽  
Dwelling House ◽  
South Wall ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North Wall ◽  
The Right

The paintings in the triclinium of the Villa Item, a dwelling-house excavated in 1909 outside the Porta Ercolanese at Pompeii, have not only often been published and discussed by foreign scholars, but they have also formed the subject of an important paper in this Journal. The artistic qualities of the paintings have been ably set forth: it has been established beyond all doubt that the subject they depict is some form of Dionysiac initiation: and, of the detailed interpretations of the first seven of the individual scenes, those originally put forward by de Petra and accepted, modified or developed by Mrs. Tillyard appear, so far as they go, to be unquestionably on the right lines. A fresh study of the Villa Item frescoes would seem, however, to be justified by the fact that the majority of previous writers have confined their attention almost entirely to the first seven scenes—the three to the east of the entrance on the north wall (fig. 3), the three on the east wall and the one to the east of the window on the south wall, to which the last figure on the east wall, the winged figure with the whip, undoubtedly belongs.

The Origin of Neolithic Culture in Northern Europe

Antiquity ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 23 (91) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Childe
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Shell Mounds ◽  
Expansive Group ◽  
Megalithic Tombs

Till 1948 the coherent record of farming in Northern Europe began with the neolithic culture represented in the Danish dysser (‘dolmens’) and most readily defined by the funnel-necked beakers, collared flasks and ‘amphorae’ found therein. As early as 1910 Gustav Kossinna had remarked that these distinctive ceramic types, and accordingly the culture they defined, were not confined to the West Baltic coastlands, but recurred in the valleys of the Upper Vistula and Oder to the east, to the south as far as the Upper Elbe and in northwest Germany and Holland too. He saw in this distribution evidence for the first expansion of Urindogermanen from their cradle in the Cimbrian peninsula. In the sequel Åberg filled in the documentation of this expansion with fresh spots on the distribution map and Kossinna himself distinguished typologically four main provinces or geographical groups—the Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western. Finally Jazdrzewski gave a standard account of the whole content of what had come to be called Kultura puharów lejkowatych, Trichterbecherkultur, or Tragtbaegerkulturen. As ‘Funnel-necked-beaker culture’ is a clumsy expression and English terminology is already overloaded with ‘beakers’, I shall use the term ‘First Northern’.The orgin of this vigorous and expansive group of cultivators and herdsmen has always been an enigma. Not even Kossinna imagined that the savages of the Ertebølle shell-mounds spontaneously began cultivating cereals and breeding sheep in Denmark. As dysser were regarded as megalithic tombs and as megaliths are Atlantic phenomena, he supposed that the bases of the neolithic economy were introduced from the West together with the ‘megalithic idea’. But the First Northern Farmers of the South and East groups did not build megalithic tombs. Moreover, in the last ten years an extension of the North group across southern Sweden as far as Södermannland has come to light, and these farmers too, though they used collared flasks and funnel-necked beakers, built no dolmens either. In any case there was nothing Western about the pottery from the Danish dysser, and Western types of arrow-head are conspicuously rare in Denmark.

A Reinterpretation of the Microlithic Industries of Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 99-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Wales ◽  
River Valleys

The distribution of Mesolithic sites in Wales is controlled to a great extent by the terrain, for physiographically, Wales is a highland block defined on three sides by the sea and for the greater part of the fourth side by a sharp break of slope. Geologically the Principality is composed almost entirely of Palaeozoic rocks, of which the 600-foot contour encloses more than three quarters of the total area. There are extensive regions above 1,500 feet and 2,000 feet and in the north the peaks of Snowdonia and Cader Idris rise to 3,560 feet and 2,929 feet respectively. Indeed North Wales consists of an inhospitable highland massif, skirted by a lowland plateau and cut deeply by river valleys, providing only limited areas for settlement. The hills and mountains of Snowdonia with their extension at lower altitudes into the Lleyn Peninsula, and the ranges of Moelwyn, Manod Mawr, Arenig Fach and Cader Idris, are discouraging obstacles to penetration, save for a short distance along the river valleys. To the east of these peaks are extensive tracts of upland plateau dissected by rivers, bounded on the west by the vale of the river Conway and cleft by the Vale of Clwyd. To the east of this valley lies the Clwydian Range and further again to the east these uplands descend with milder contours to the Cheshire and Shropshire plains.To the south the district merges into the uplands of Central Wales, which are continuous until they are replaced by the lowland belt of South Wales.

scholarly journals The Results of a Chemical, Microscopical and Bacteriological Examination of Samples of London Milks

1907 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Tanner Hewlett ◽  
George S. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Pure Milk

In view of the importance of a pure milk supply, we considered that it might be of interest to examine chemically, microscopically, and bacteriologically, a number of specimens of milk coming into the Metropolis for which purpose we decided to select samples from the various counties, the milk of which is consigned to London. We found that milk so consigned comes from about twenty-six counties extending from Derby in the North, to Hampshire and Devonshire in the South and South-West, and from Hereford in the West, to Norfolk in the East.

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