Urbanization, Industrialization, and Mining

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed de Mulder ◽  
Chris Bremmer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
State Of The Environment ◽  
The Impact

Urbanization, industrialization, and mining are three different responses by mankind to survive, to develop, to create wealth and prosperity, and to organize life. Of the three, mining is the oldest, accessing specific materials provided by nature. Urbanization originally was a community’s means of seeking shelter in a hostile natural environment. The co-operation involved in urbanization also provides benefit to all. Industrialization is the latest of these three processes and aims to concentrate production activities at one spot, which allows for increased scale and higher outputs. Industrialization is often linked with mining and more so with urbanization. Mining is obviously found in confined areas primarily determined by the availability of the required earth materials. Urbanization is determined by a mix of geographical (infrastructure), geological (firm underground and stable conditions), and strategic conditions. Moreover, economic, social, and political factors are increasingly important. The same can be said for the processes leading to the establishment of industrial sites. Urbanization, industrialization, and mining have in common that they not only profit from the environment in which they operate, but also affect the natural balances of that environment. Consequently, these activities generate some response in the subsurface, either small or more significant. In the course of time humankind has faced many of these responses, but they still may cause surprises. This chapter briefly describes the impact of urbanization, industrialization, and mining on the natural environment of north-western Europe, both in terms of assets and threats. Attention is given to monitoring the Earth’s response to these activities through the geological processes involved. For monitoring and prediction substantial information and knowledge of the subsurface is necessary and sources of such data are outlined. The chapter starts with some facts and figures, and is mainly based on Urban Geoscience by McCall et al. (1996). Information is also derived from the State of the Environment reports as published by the European Union. Much more attention is given to urbanization than to either of the other activities. However, since modern, urban, industrialized societies consume large amounts of primary resources, mining, industrialization, and urbanization are closely connected.

Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Quality Of Governance ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact

In the early 1990s, the Central and Eastern European countries (CEE countries) saw the collapse of communist regimes and an unprecedented political and economic transformation that resulted in the establishment of democratic, law-governed states and market economies. Administrative reforms, which became an important milestone in this transformation, were considerably influenced both by administrative legacies predominant in the countries and by the Europeanization processes associated with their accession to the European Union. The administrative legacies, which combine elements of various traditions (e.g., German, Napoleonic, and Anglo-American) are still strongly affected by what is left of the communist era. Conversely, the impact of Europeanization processes on public administrations in CEE countries has proved to be much weaker than initially expected. The process of building a professional and apolitical civil service in CEE countries has been plagued by discontinuity and inconsistency, owing to the specific administrative culture of the region, the weakening pressure to modernize EU institutions, and the consequences of the 2008 financial crisis, as well as growing populist tendencies in the region. All these factors encouraged the belief that political control over public administration needs to be tightened in order for the effectiveness and quality of governance mechanisms to be improved. The quality of governance and public management varies widely across the CEE countries. What they have in common—at least to some extent—is the fairly high dynamics of change, including the reversal of the effects of previously implemented reforms. The latter factor may be interpreted as a search for country-specific reform paths, partly due to disappointment with the values and models prevailing in Western Europe, and somewhat as a consequence of growing populist tendencies in the region.

scholarly journals Shooting for Lithuania: Migration, National Identity and Men’s Basketball in the East of England

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam B. Evans ◽  
David Piggott
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Men's Basketball ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Attention

The accession of the ‘A8 states’ into the European Union initiated considerable migration into Western Europe. The impact upon local communities has seen significant attention, yet little research exists that focuses upon migrant experiences and identity specifically in sport. This study used a figurational framework to investigate the lived experiences of basketball among male Lithuanian migrants in the rural east of England. Semistructured interviews highlighted participants’ motivations to migrate, their acculturation experiences and the role that basketball played during their sojourn. Participants considered basketball a significant means for the expression of national identity and as a focus for their resistance to local racializing processes. Conversely, conflict with established local basketball communities and perceptions of marginalization among migrants were common, creating divisions in local basketball competitions.

East, West, and the Return of ‘Central’: Borders Drawn and Redrawn

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Lee ◽  
Robert Bideleux
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West

Western Europe has not only met but also married Eastern Europe, even if there are rumours that it was a marriage of convenience, consummated in ‘EU Europe’. Nevertheless, a significant outcome of the cohabitation has been the resurgence of debates about the status, location, and distinctiveness of ‘Central Europe’; the changing nature of borders and borderlands; and the emergence of ‘new’ East/West divides. Because World War II was predominantly fought on the Eastern Front, almost 95 per cent of Europe's fatalities of war and genocide were in Central and Eastern Europe (including Germany and Austria). These mass killings, combined with the paramount role of the Soviet Union in the defeat of the Third Reich, led to substantial reconfigurations of the borders and ethnic compositions of European states. This article examines the reconfigurations of European territories at the close of World War II, the drastic redrawing of European borders during 1945–1948 and again in the late 1980s and 1990s, the impact on European borders of the European Union and its ‘deepening’ and ‘widening’, and Europe's new East/West divide.

scholarly journals Econometric Studies on the Development of Renewable Energy Sources to Support the European Union 2020–2030 Climate and Energy Framework: A Critical Appraisal

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consolación Quintana-Rojo ◽  
Fernando-Evaristo Callejas-Albiñana ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Tarancón ◽  
Isabel Martínez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Strategic Framework ◽  
Renewable Energy Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Decisions

One of the key objectives of the European Union is the transition to a total decarbonization of the economy by 2050. Within this strategic framework, the renewable energy development target plays a key role. This renewable energy deployment must be translated into national and European Union realities through specific political decisions. The econometric analysis techniques have the capacity to represent, in a mathematical and objective way, the system of relations comprising the economic, technical, and political factors that contribute to the deployment of renewable energy, and the impact that such an investment in renewable energy has at an economic, environmental, and social level. Therefore, econometric studies have a high potential to support policymakers who have to translate the guidelines of the strategic plan for renewable energy deployment into concrete policies. This article analyzed the capacity of the econometric literature on renewable energy development to provide this support, by means of a bibliometric study carried out on a sample of 153 documents related to 1329 keywords. The results show that, in general, there is a large literature based on econometric methodology to support the different renewable energy guidelines provided by the European Union 2020–2030 climate and energy strategic framework.

Referendums on European Integration

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMON HUG ◽  
PASCAL SCIARINI
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Institutional Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Government Coalition ◽  
Relevant Factors

Referendums have received increasing attention after the recent round of votes on the Maastricht treaty and the widening process of the European Union. Despite this increased interest in these instruments of decision making, scholarship has not provided us with insights into the relationship between the institutional characteristics and voter's decision. The authors provide a theoretical argument on how the voter's choice is affected by the nature of the referendum. Relevant factors are whether the referendum is required, whether the people's decision has a binding character, or which government coalition is presently in power. These institutional features mediate the impact of political factors, above all partisanship, on voting behavior. The authors test their theoretical arguments on the basis of empirical material from 14 referendums on European integration and find consistent support for their theoretical contentions.

scholarly journals Humanitarian Contexts of Technical Education in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
A. L. Andreev
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Technical Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Society ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Assessment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article deals with the problem of formation of social and humanitarian competen[1]cies in Russian engineering education. The author shows how different views on the relationship between man and machine, as well as between society and the technosphere, were translated into various public initiatives and analyzes the impact of these initiatives on the evolution of approaches to engineering education. Special attention is paid to the promotion of the ideology of design think[1]ing and the movement for the humanitarization of engineering education. Both gained a consider[1]able popularity in the last quarter of the twentieth century. However, in modern conditions, the relationship between technological progress and the development of human society is taking on new forms that require new answers. There are also new risks – in particular, the risk of complete de[1]humanization of technological progress and the unclear prospect of the formation of a so-called post-human civilization. Social assessment of technology and the development of value-based tech[1]nologies are possible answers. They have received a very significant support in the United States and Western Europe. In particular, several European conferences on this topic have already been held within the EU (the latest one took place in Bratislava in 2019). However, due to some features of the Russian intellectual tradition, as well as the pronounced techno-optimism of mass consciousness, the Russian academic environment has not yet shown sufficient interest to implant these approaches in technical education. The possibility of managing the current technological progress on the basis of a dialogue with civil society, which is popular in the European Union, is also not considered in Russian intellectual environments. At the same time, the leading technical universities in Russia are gradually developing a network of enthusiasts who are studying the European practice of social assessment of technology and its adaptation to Russian conditions. Such adapted practices may become the con[1]ceptual guidelines for Russian engineering education.

Immigrant Integration, Naturalization, and Citizenship

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Schain
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The impact of immigration on socioeconomic stability, the challenge of integration, and issues surrounding citizenship has generated the interest of scholars for years. The literature is generally focused on the challenge (rather than the benefits) of immigration for social cohesion, identity, and the well-established rules of citizenship. For social scientists and analysts in Western Europe and the United States, the destabilizing aspects of immigration appear to have largely displaced class as a way of understanding sources of political instability. Scholarly interest in questions of immigrant integration on the one hand and naturalization and citizenship on the other, first emerged in the social sciences in the 1960s. In the United States, integration and citizenship questions have often been explored in the context of race relations. In Europe, the debates on issues of citizenship have been much more influenced by questions of identity and integration. As interest grew in comparison, scholars increasingly turned their attention to national differences that crystallized around national models for integration. However, such models are not always in congruence with aspects of public policy. There are a number of research directions that scholars may consider with respect to immigrant integration, naturalization, and citizenship, such as the relationship between immigrant integration and class analysis, the careful development of theories of policy change, the role of the European Union in the policy process, and the impact of integration and citizenship on the political system.

scholarly journals Finance, Sustainability and Negative Externalities. An Overview of the European Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Ziolo ◽  
Beata Zofia Filipiak ◽  
Iwona Bąk ◽  
Katarzyna Cheba ◽  
Diana Mihaela Tîrca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Sustainable Finance ◽  
The Impact

The goal of the paper is to examine the relation between finance and sustainability, with a special emphasis on the impact of negative externalities. Sustainable development as a concept aims to mitigate negative externalities. Conventional finance offers no room for the environment and society. Therefore, three-dimensional sustainable finance has appeared. This paper is the first original attempt to examine the relationship between: financial, economic, environmental and social development indicators from the sustainability perspective, with a special focus on externalities. To study the disparities between the European Union (EU) countries belonging to the OECD in the field of sustainable development and sustainable finance, the multi-criteria taxonomy was used. The basis of the analyses was the indicators transformed according to the relative taxonomy method. The database, based on Eurostat, contains indicators describing pillars of sustainable development such as: economic (12 indicators), social (28), environmental (7) and sustainable finance (16). The study analyses the sample of 23 countries in 2007, 2013 and 2016. The results confirm a positive relationship among the analysed indicators. On the basis of 62 statistical features selected according to the statistical methods, 7 groups of countries were obtained in 2007 and 2013 and 8 groups in 2016. In the case of Scandinavian countries, one can observe a permanent separation of economic growth from its negative impact on the natural environment. Such dependencies are no longer so obvious in the case of other EU countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Therefore, attention should be paid to the most economically developed countries in Western Europe, i.e., Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, whose high rankings in the case of economic, social and very often also financial results correspond to much worse results in the case of environmental development.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN THE ASPECT OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT CORRIDOR «WESTERN EUROPE-WESTERN CHINA» ON KAZAKHSTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.U. Birimkulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Western China ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
International Transport ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the role and significance of the project "Western Europe and Western China" between the countries of the European Union and the people's Republic of China in the development of regions of Kazakhstan. In addition, the author focused on the project, where several years ago Kazakhstan began actively discussing the option of turning from China to Western European countries into one of the most important international transport and transit hubs along the roads. At the same time, reference was made to the ancient history that Chinese goods along the silk road were delivered by caravans to Russia and European countries. Analyzed the impact of the relations between the European Union and China on the Republic of Kazakhstan in the framework of the project "Western Europe and Western China".

Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cas Mudde
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Safe Haven ◽  
Research Project ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

Based in part on the results of a unique, comparative research project, the aim of this article is threefold: (1) to provide a comparative summary of racist extremism in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE); (2) to compare the situation of racist extremism in CEE to that in Western Europe; and (3) to come to some further insights about racist extremism in the region. It concludes, in contrast to many of the alarming statements on the topic, that CEE is neither a hotbed of racist extremism nor a safe haven for racist extremists. In fact, if one compares the state of racist extremism in CEE to that in Western Europe, the differences seem less striking than is often assumed. Yet while the impact of racist extremism in CEE might not be as great as is often assumed, a lot remains to be done, particularly now that these countries are or will soon be members of the European Union.

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