Burnout, Organizational Cynicism, and Alienation

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-159
Author(s):  
Neharika Vohra ◽  
Nisha Nair ◽  
Rahul Sheel
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Organizational Productivity ◽  
Negative Aspect ◽  
Organizational Cynicism ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
The Individual

Focussing on the negative aspect of work life, this chapter deliberates on burnout, organizational cynicism, and alienation. In past research, organizational productivity has been shown to be causally linked to employee appraisal, experience of the workplace, and employee affect and attitude. Past studies have shown the link between productive employees and positive attitudes. However, organizations are also a source of negative influence on health and attitudes, which often outweigh the benefits resulting from positive experiences. Such negative outcomes not only harm the individual but also the organization. The chapter explores the negative behaviours, attitudes, beliefs, and cognitions that employees are likely to develop towards their organizations. Specifically, the research on burnout, organizational cynicism, and alienation is examined. For each of the constructs, research is reviewed around its definition, antecedents, consequences, and measurement. The need for more research in this area in the current economic and social context is highlighted.

‘A Routh O’ Auld Nick-Nackets’ – the antiquarian collection of John Rae

2015 ◽  
Vol 36-37 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-183
Author(s):  
Paul Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Case ◽  
National Museums ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

John Rae, a Scottish antiquarian collector and spirit merchant, played a highly prominent role in the local natural history societies and exhibitions of nineteenth-century Aberdeen. While he modestly described his collection of archaeological lithics and other artefacts, principally drawn from Aberdeenshire but including some items from as far afield as the United States, as a mere ‘routh o’ auld nick-nackets' (abundance of old knick-knacks), a contemporary singled it out as ‘the best known in private hands' (Daily Free Press 4/5/91). After Rae's death, Glasgow Museums, National Museums Scotland, the University of Aberdeen Museum and the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, as well as numerous individual private collectors, purchased items from the collection. Making use of historical and archive materials to explore the individual biography of Rae and his collection, this article examines how Rae's collecting and other antiquarian activities represent and mirror wider developments in both the ‘amateur’ antiquarianism carried out by Rae and his fellow collectors for reasons of self-improvement and moral education, and the ‘professional’ antiquarianism of the museums which purchased his artefacts. Considered in its wider nineteenth-century context, this is a representative case study of the early development of archaeology in the wider intellectual, scientific and social context of the era.

Welfare tradeoff psychology is present in children and adults

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhea M Howard ◽  
Annie C. Spokes ◽  
Samuel A Mehr ◽  
Max Krasnow
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
The Individual

Making decisions in a social context often requires weighing one's own wants against the needs and preferences of others. Adults are adept at incorporating multiple contextual features when deciding how to trade off their welfare against another. For example, they are more willing to forgo a resource to benefit friends over strangers (a feature of the individual) or when the opportunity cost of giving up the resource is low (a feature of the situation). When does this capacity emerge in development? In Experiment 1 (N = 208), we assessed the decisions of 4- to 10-year-old children in a picture-based resource tradeoff task to test two questions: (1) When making repeated decisions to either benefit themselves or benefit another person, are children’s choices internally consistent with a particular valuation of that individual? (2) Do children value friends more highly than strangers and enemies? We find that children demonstrate consistent person-specific welfare valuations and value friends more highly than strangers and enemies. In Experiment 2 (N = 200), we tested adults using the same pictorial method. The pattern of results successfully replicated, but adults’ decisions were more consistent than children’s and they expressed more extreme valuations: relative to the children, they valued friends more and valued enemies less. We conclude that despite children’s limited experience allocating resources and navigating complex social networks, they behave like adults in that they reference a stable person-specific valuation when deciding whether to benefit themselves or another and that this rule is modulated by the child’s relationship with the target.

scholarly journals Individual behavioural traits not social context affects learning about novel objects in archerfish

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick A. R. Jones ◽  
Helen C. Spence-Jones ◽  
Mike Webster ◽  
Luke Rendell
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Behavioural Phenotype ◽  
Social Species ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Animals ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Learning can enable rapid behavioural responses to changing conditions but can depend on the social context and behavioural phenotype of the individual. Learning rates have been linked to consistent individual differences in behavioural traits, especially in situations which require engaging with novelty, but the social environment can also play an important role. The presence of others can modulate the effects of individual behavioural traits and afford access to social information that can reduce the need for ‘risky’ asocial learning. Most studies of social effects on learning are focused on more social species; however, such factors can be important even for less-social animals, including non-grouping or facultatively social species which may still derive benefit from social conditions. Using archerfish, Toxotes chatareus, which exhibit high levels of intra-specific competition and do not show a strong preference for grouping, we explored the effect of social contexts on learning. Individually housed fish were assayed in an ‘open-field’ test and then trained to criterion in a task where fish learnt to shoot a novel cue for a food reward—with a conspecific neighbour visible either during training, outside of training or never (full, partial or no visible presence). Time to learn to shoot the novel cue differed across individuals but not across social context. This suggests that social context does not have a strong effect on learning in this non-obligatory social species; instead, it further highlights the importance that inter-individual variation in behavioural traits can have on learning. Significance statement Some individuals learn faster than others. Many factors can affect an animal’s learning rate—for example, its behavioural phenotype may make it more or less likely to engage with novel objects. The social environment can play a big role too—affecting learning directly and modifying the effects of an individual’s traits. Effects of social context on learning mostly come from highly social species, but recent research has focused on less-social animals. Archerfish display high intra-specific competition, and our study suggests that social context has no strong effect on their learning to shoot novel objects for rewards. Our results may have some relevance for social enrichment and welfare of this increasingly studied species, suggesting there are no negative effects of short- to medium-term isolation of this species—at least with regards to behavioural performance and learning tasks.

Cytogenetic Observations in Infertile Men Working with Insecticidal Compounds

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiorella Shabtai ◽  
Shlomo Bichacho ◽  
Isaac Halbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Chromosomal Breakage ◽  
Infertile Men ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chromosomal Variants ◽  
Insecticidal Compounds

The negative influence of some insecticides on male fertility has been noted. We report our cytogenetic observations on a group of infertile insecticide workers. Increased chromosomal breakage was a constant finding and the Y chromosome was especially damaged. This may account for impaired spermatogenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of heterochromatic chromosomal variants both in the individual susceptibility to the chemically induced damage and in the reproductive fitness is emphasized.

Recovery Capital, Drug Policy and the Cycle of Incarceration

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Alcohol Problem ◽  
Prison Inmates ◽  
Internal Process ◽  
Recovery Capital ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Recovering Addicts

By some estimates, more than half of prison inmates in America have a drug or alcohol problem (Mumola and Karberg 2006). Existing models of treatment for these individuals, both inside and outside prison, have typically focused on the individual addict. These interventions often neglect the users' families and communities, and view poverty and marginalization as tangential to recovery—which is seen instead purely as an individual, internal process. This perspective defines addiction as a brain disease, and emphasizes the need of recovering addicts to learn new skills and to take personal responsibility for their actions and lives (Committee on Addictions of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 2002). These models, though a marked improvement over the idea of drug addiction as a moral failing, place an over-riding emphasis on the individual at the expense of the economic and social context.

High Performance Coaches’ Mental Health and Wellbeing: Applying the Areas of Work Life Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraser Carson ◽  
Julia Walsh ◽  
Luana C. Main ◽  
Peter Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Life Model ◽  
Workload Control ◽  
Sport Athlete ◽  
The Individual

In the last five years, mental health and wellbeing has attracted greater public, government, and research interest. In sport, athlete mental health and wellbeing has been a focus across all competition levels. The high performance coach responsible for athlete performance, health and wellbeing has not attracted the same attention despite working in an intense high-pressure work environment. Using the Areas of Work Life Model as a theoretical framework, this Insights paper discusses the existing coaching literature to ascertain both contributing factors for promoting positive mental health and wellbeing, and negative influences that increase stress and potential burnout. The six dimensions (workload; control; reward; fairness; community; and values) resonate throughout the coaching literature, but to-date, no study has applied the model to this group. Analysis of the extracted articles indicated that high performance coaches should become more self-aware around how to cope with stress and stressful situations, while sports organisations should invest in both the individual coach and the organisational culture to enhance work engagement. Coaches are performers and should prepare themselves to ensure they can perform at their peak; and managing their own mental health and wellbeing is an important component to this.

scholarly journals Ethno-Religious Identification and Social Distance Between Muslims and Christians: Analysis on Social Identity Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Cahyo Pamungkas
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Individual

This article aims to investigate the relationship between ethno-religious identity and the social distancebetween Muslims and Christians in Ambon and Yogyakarta, taking into account factors at the individual level.Also, this research is addressed to fll a gap in the literature between studies that emphasize economic andpolitical competition as the main sources of con?ict, and studies that focus on prejudice and discriminationas causes of con?ict. The central question is: to what extent is ethno-religious identifcation present amongMuslims and Christians in Ambon and Yogyakarta and observable in their daily lives? This research usessocial identity theory that attempts to question why people like their in-group, and dislike out-groups. Thetheory says that individuals struggle for positive in-group distinctiveness, and have positive attitudes towardtheir in-group and negative attitudes towards out-groups. This research uses both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A survey was conducted with 1500 university students from six universities in Ambon andYogyakarta. By using quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis, this study came up with several fndings. Firstly, the study found high levels of religious identifcation among Muslim and Christian respondents,demonstrated by their participation in religious practices, which we defne as frequency of praying, attendingreligious services, and reading the Holy Scriptures. Secondly, social distance consists of contact avoidance,avoidance of future spouses from another religion, and the support for residential segregation. Di?erencesfrom the mean show that Muslim respondents tend to display higher contact avoidance and support forresidential segregation compared to Christian respondents. Thirdly, analysis of variance demonstrates thatelements of ethno-religious identity are related signifcantly to elements of social distance.

scholarly journals ATTITUDES TOWARD NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND INDIVIDUAL VALUES OF RUSSIANS

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-82
Author(s):  
Т.А. Нестик
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Psychological Predictors ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Psychological Types ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
The Relationship

Приводятся результаты эмпирического исследования (N=1600), посвященного отношению россиян к новым технологиям. Показано, что позитивное отношение личности к новым технологиям поддерживается ценностями открытости к изменениям и отрицательно связано с ценностями сохранения. Удалось прояснить соотношение когнитивных, аффективных и поведенческих компонентов отношения личности к новым технологиям. Были выделены социально-психологические типы оценивания новых технологий («индифферентные», «ориентированные на влияние значимых других», «разборчивые», «прагматики», «ориентированные на безопасность»), а также социально-психологические типы отношения личности к новым технологиям («технофилы», «тревожные сторонники технического прогресса», «технофобы» и «безразличные к технологиям»). Выявлены социально-психологические предикторы технооптимизма, технофобии, технофилии и готовности использовать новые технологии. На основании проведенных исследований можно сделать вывод о том, что технофилия и технофобия являются не противоположными полюсами одной шкалы, а разными феноменами, связанными друг с другом. The results of an empirical study (N = 1600) devoted to the attitudes of Russians towards new technologies are presented. It is shown that the positive attitudes of the individual to new technologies is supported by the values of openness to change and is negatively associated with the values of conservation. We managed to clarify the relationship between the cognitive, affective and behavioral components of personal attitudes to new technologies. We have identified several socio-psychological types of assessment of new technologies ("indifferent", "relying on social support", "discerning", "pragmatists", "safety-oriented"), as well as socio-psychological types of personality attitudes to new technologies ("technophiles", "anxious supporters of technical progress", "technophobes", and "indifferent to technology"). The socio-psychological predictors of techno-optimism, technophobia, technophilia and willingness to use new technologies were identified. Based on the research carried out, it can be concluded that technophilia and technophobia are not opposite poles of the same scale, but different phenomena related to each other.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Person-organization fit and Organizational Cynicism in Higher Education Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Organizational Cynicism ◽  
Area Of Concern ◽  
Person Organization Fit ◽  
Higher Education Industry

Organizational cynicism has been an area of concern for the management of higher education. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the academic perception of person-organization fit has a significant impact on organizational cynicism. Data for the research was collected through a self-administered survey and was analyzed using partial least square structural equation modelling. The findings of the study revealed that the person-organization fit has a significant and negative influence on the cynicism. These findings showed that management reduces negative attitudes among academics by adopting strategies that not only fulfil employees’ needs and preferences but also conform to their values and goals. The limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.

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