Introduction: a sign of contradiction

ArgumentThis article contributes to a global history of relativity, by exploring how Einstein’s theory was appropriated in Belgium. This may sound like a contradiction in terms, yet the early-twentieth-century Belgian context, because of its cultural diversity and reflectiveness of global conditions (the principal example being the First World War), proves well-suited to expose transnational flows and patterns in the global history of relativity. The attempts of Belgian physicist Théophile de Donder to contribute to relativity physics during the 1910s and 1920s illustrate the role of the war in shaping the transnational networks through which relativity circulated. The local attitudes of conservative Belgian Catholic scientists and philosophers, who denied that relativity was philosophically significant, exemplify a global pattern: while critics of relativity feared to become marginalized by the scientific, political, and cultural revolutions that Einstein and his theory were taken to represent, supporters sympathized with these revolutions.

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Nationalism, the First World War, and sites of international memory

History of Education Review ◽

10.1108/her-09-2015-0018 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 212-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Glenda Sluga

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

League Of Nations ◽

World War ◽

Men And Women ◽

Content Type ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

First World ◽

Role Of Men

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to restore the history of internationalism to our understanding of the legacy of the First World War, and the role of universities in that past. It begins by emphasising the war’s twin legacy, namely, the twin principles of the peace: national self-determination and the League of Nations. Design/methodology/approach It focuses on the intersecting significance and meaning attributed to the related terms patriotism and humanity, nationalism and internationalism, during the war and after. A key focus is the memorialization of Edith Cavell, and the role of men and women in supporting a League of Nations. Findings The author finds that contrary to conventional historical opinion, internationalism was as significant as nationalism during the war and after, thanks to the influence and ideas of men and women connected through university networks. Research limitations/implications The author’s argument is based on an examination of British imperial sources in particular. Originality/value The implications of this argument are that historians need to recover the international past in histories of nationalism.

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Spanish Flu and the End of World War I in Southern Iranfrom 1917–1920

Archives of Iranian Medicine ◽

10.34172/aim.2021.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 78-83

Author(s):

Seyyed Alireza Golshani ◽

Mohammad Ebrahim Zohalinezhad ◽

Mohammad Hossein Taghrir ◽

Sedigheh Ghasempoor ◽

Alireza Salehi

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Southern Iran ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Spanish Flu ◽

First World

The Spanish Flu was one of the disasters in the history of Iran, especially Southern Iran, which led to the death of a significant number of people in Iran. It started on October 29, 1917, and lasted till 1920 – a disaster that we can claim changed the history. In one of the First World War battlefields in southern Iran in 1918, there was nothing left until the end of World War I and when the battle between Iranian warriors (especially people of Dashtestan and Tangestan in Bushehr, Arabs, and people of Bakhtiari in Khuzestan and people of Kazerun and Qashqai in Fars) and British forces had reached its peak. As each second encouraged the triumph for the Iranians, a flu outbreak among Iranian warriors led to many deaths and, as a result, military withdrawal. The flu outbreak in Kazerun, Firoozabad, Farshband, Abadeh, and even in Shiraz changed the end of the war. In this article, we attempt to discuss the role of the Spanish flu outbreak at the end of one of the forefronts of World War I.

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THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN THE FATES OF RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGISTS: THE TRAGEDY AND DUTY

Институт психологии Российской академии наук. Социальная и экономическая психология ◽

10.38098/ipran.sep.2021.21.1.008 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 192-218

Author(s):

Н.Ю. Стоюхина ◽

А.А. Костригин

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

Research Work ◽

Professional Community ◽

First World War ◽

Scientific Activity ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

First World

Статья посвящена недостаточно изученному вопросу в истории российской психологии - деятельности отечественных психологов в годы Первой мировой войны. Авторы обобщили найденные на данный момент сведения о нахождении и роли разных психологов как в военных событиях, так и в научной и общественной жизни того времени. Представляются три группы персоналий в зависимости от того, в каком положении по отношению к военным действиям они оказались: участие в действующей армии; пребывание в Германии во время войны в качестве пленного гражданского лица; жизнь и научная деятельность в тылу. Среди психологов, которые служили в армии во время Первой мировой войны, рассматриваются биографические данные и воспоминания П.Н. Шефтеля, Г.Я. Трошина, В.Ф, Чижа, А.Б. Залкинда, И.А. Арямова, Л.Н. Войтоловского, А.А. Смирнова, Б.М. Теплова, М.Я. Басова, Л.А. Бызова, М.В. Шика. К группе психологов, которые оказались в Германии во время войны, относятся А.О. Маковельский, А.Ф. Лосев, И.Н. Шпильрейн, Н.Е. Румянцев. Описываются результаты научных событий, состоявшихся в России в годы Первой мировой войны, - Третий и Четвертый Всероссийские съезды по экспериментальной педагогике, исследовательские работы в Психологическом институте им. Л.Г. Щукиной, коллективные публикации. Отмечается, что обращение к деятельности психологов во время Первой мировой войны является важным с позиций не только истории психологии, но и исторической психологии: кроме изучения жизненного пути персоналий и анализа результатов научных исследований этого периода представляет интерес и описание образа и роли ученого в военное время, особенностей научной активности в военных условиях. Авторы статьи призывают профессиональное сообщество дополнить список персоналий, которые принимали участие в Первой мировой войне и на которых война оказала значимое влияние, и другими именами. The article is devoted to an insufficiently studied issue in the history of Russian psychology - the activities of Russian psychologists during the First World War. The authors summarized the information found to date about the location and role of various psychologists both in military events and in the scientific and social life of that time. Three groups of personalities are presented, depending on the position in which they found themselves in relation to military operations: participation in the active army; stay in Germany during the war as a captured civilian; life and scientific activities in the rear. Among psychologists who served in the army during the First World War, the authors describe the biographical data and memories of P.N. Sheftel, G. Ya. Troshin, V.F. Chizh, A.B. Zalkind, I.A. Aryamov, L.N. Voitolovsky, A.A. Smirnov, B.M. Teplov, M.Ya. Basov, L.A. Byzov, M.V. Shik. The group of psychologists who remained in Germany includes A.O. Makovelsky, A.F. Losev, I.N. Spielrein, N.E. Rumyantsev. The article describes the results of scientific events in Russia that took place during the First World War - the Third and Fourth All-Russian congresses on experimental pedagogy, research work at the Psychological institute named after L.G. Shchukina, collective publications. It is noted that the appeal to the activities of psychologists during the First World War is important from the standpoint of both history of psychology and historical psychology: in addition to studying the life path of personalities and analyzing the results of scientific research of this period, it is also of interest to describe the image and role of a scientist in wartime, features of scientific activity in war conditions. The authors of the article urge the professional community to add other names to the list of personalities who took part in the First World War and on whom the war had a significant impact.

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Medea and British Legislation Before The First World War

Greece and Rome ◽

10.1017/s0017383500026097 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 42-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Edith Hall

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

English Translation ◽

First World War ◽

Human Beings ◽

World War ◽

The West ◽

The First World War ◽

Commercial Theatre ◽

History Of ◽

First World

Euripides' Medea has penetrated to parts of modernity most mythical figures have not reached. Since she first rolled off the printing presses half a millennium ago, she has inspired hundreds of performances, plays, paintings, and operas. Medea has murdered her way into a privileged place in the history of the imagination of the West, and can today command huge audiences in the commercial theatre. Yet in Britain, at least, her popularity on the stage is a relatively recent phenomenon. Medea has transcended history partly because she enacts a primal terror universal to human beings: that the motherfigure shouldintentionallydestroy her own children. Yet this dimension of the ancient tragedy was until the twentieth century found so disturbing as largely to prevent unadapted performances. On the British stage it was not until 1907 that Euripides'Medeawas performed, without alteration, in English translation.

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Arutjun Marutjan, Как помнят Великую Отечественную в Армении: некоторые наблюдения / How the Great Patriotic War Is Remembered in Armenia: Some Observations

PLURAL. History, Culture, Society ◽

10.37710/plural.v4i2_5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 95-105

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Great Patriotic War ◽

Red Army ◽

History Of ◽

Second World ◽

First World

The article discusses a neglected aspect in the history of the Second World War and the role of Armenians and their motivation to fight against the Nazi Germany. The author suggests that the memory of the Genocide against the Armenians perpetratrated by Turkey in the First World War with connivence from Germany played an important role in the memory of Soviet Armenians enrolled in the Red Army. This is one of the explanations why the present day Republic of Armenia still maintains – from different reasons – the name The Great Patriotic War instead of Second World War, like Russia.

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Niko Županić and the Construction of the Yugoslav Ethnogenesis

Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology ◽

10.21301/eap.v8i3.5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 717

Author(s):

Monika Milosavljević

Keyword(s):

Political Activism ◽

Balkan Peninsula ◽

The United States ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

English Speaking ◽

First World

The paper considers the role of Niko Županić in the processes of translation of the anthropological and archaeological knowledges into the language of the political activism during the First World War and immediately after. As recorded by Sima Trojanović, Županić was employed at the Ethnographic Museum in Belgrade in May 1914, as "anthropological clerk" with the duty to "first of all measure the Serbian people, and only after that the foreigners on the Balkan Peninsula". He was officially stationed here up to 1922, although he spent the war years out of the country, involved in political activism, along with other Serbian and Yugoslav intellectuals, with the aim of creating the state of the Yugoslavs. At the outbreak of the First World War, Županić spent the first three months as a volunteer in Niš, and was then sent to Rome and London, where he took part in the activities of the Yugoslav Board. During 1916 the Serbian Government sent him to the United States, to secure the support of the American Slovenes for the Yugoslav idea. From 1915 till the end of the war, he wrote studies on the South Slavic past and political announcements, drew the borders of the desired territories, held speeches on the unity of the Serbs, Slovenes, and Croats. His book Ethnogenesis of the Yugoslavs (1920), written during the war and at first aimed at the English-speaking audience, richly illustrates the ways in which all these activities intertwined. Here Županić stresses the "creative potency of the blood and racial source" of brachycefaly of the Illyrian natives observed in the case of the Yugoslavs. The critical analysis and contextualization of this volume makes possible the new insights into the concepts of identity in the history of the Serbian anthropology and archaeology. This study did not receive much attention in the archaeological circles, but its ideas have subsequently, selectively and indirectly become the part of the history of the Serbian archaeology.

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The Collapse of the Romanov Empire

The Oxford Handbook of the Ends of Empire ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713197.013.11 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 178-194

Author(s):

Alexey Miller

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Minority Populations ◽

World War ◽

Weakest Link ◽

Short Course ◽

The First World War ◽

National Movements ◽

History Of ◽

First World

This chapter considers the changing approaches adopted after the October Revolution towards Russia’s ethnic minority populations alongside efforts to construct a shared Russian or Soviet national identity within what remained a culturally diffuse land empire. Politicians and historians have produced multiple narratives of the collapse of the Romanov empire. The initial history of the Bolsheviks stressed the role of the national movements against ‘the prison of nations’ alongside the proletarian struggle against ‘the weakest link’ of imperialism. In the 1930s, the Stalin-edited ‘Short Course of the History of the Communist Party’ marginalized national movements’ roles in favour of class struggle, while post-communist national historiographies did the opposite. Recently, the growing literature on the First World War places the conflict itself at the centre of the story of imperial collapse and demonstrates how multiple factors, produced by the conditions of war, undermined empire and strengthened the ethnic and social anti-imperial movements.

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The history of a lesson: Versailles, Munich and the social construction of the past

Review of International Studies ◽

10.1017/s0260210503004996 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 499-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The West ◽

The Past ◽

The Social ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

The Cold War ◽

First World

The article investigates the concept of lessons in IR. By means of a constructivist critique of the ‘lessons literature’, the article analyses one of the most important of IR lessons: that of Munich. Examining how the Munich lesson came about, the article shows the praxeological nature of lessons and emphasises the need to study the history of lessons rather than the lessons of history. This approach shows that Munich is the end point of a constitutive history that begins in the failure of the Versailles treaty to create a durable European order following the First World War. The Munich lesson is thus one element of the lesson of Versailles, which is a praxeology that defines how the West is to make peace, and against whom peace must be defended. The lesson of Versailles has been, at least in part, constitutive of the outbreak of the Cold War, and it continues to define the Western conception of what defines peace and security even in the ‘war against terrorism’.

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Crusoe's Books

10.1093/oso/9780192894694.001.0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bill Bell

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

British Empire ◽

First World War ◽

Robinson Crusoe ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

The Everyday ◽

History Of ◽

First World

This book examines the role of books and reading in relation to five itinerant constituencies in the long nineteenth century. It provides a critique of influential approaches to the history of reading within the context of the British empire. Beginning with the figure of the ‘hermeneutic castaway’ in Robinson Crusoe, it moves on to explore this and other phenomena as they were manifest among shipboard emigrants, Australian convicts, Scottish settlers in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, among polar explorers, and in the trenches of the First World War. In each instance, it explores the tensions between official prescriptive reading cultures and the everyday responses of ordinary readers themselves. Far from demonstrating the confidence and coherence of a British imperial project during this period, the evidence provided by a myriad reading experiences suggests an underlying disruption and tension in the way that reading subjects saw themselves and their political masters throughout the empire. Using archival, official, and other printed sources, the book sets out to show the diversity of readerly response in this period and what it can tell us about the complexity of the mentalities of ordinary subjects in an age of empire.

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