Developmental Consequences of Trauma on Brain Circuits

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Opendak ◽  
Regina Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Attachment Figure ◽  
Cognition And Emotion ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Trauma Processing ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Maternal Presence ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

Traumatic experiences can be challenging at any age, but recent evidence has highlighted the trauma experienced from an attachment figure as particularly detrimental. Fear, or threat, conditioning is a major experimental paradigm that has uncovered the neurobiology of trauma processing. This controlled paradigm has enabled us to understand the changing neurobiology of trauma processing as well as the developmental importance of caregiver presence during trauma. Maternal presence buffers the infant during brief trauma exposure, although repeated trauma in her presence programs the enduring trauma effects on the neurobiology of cognition and emotion. We review the data on innate and learned fear responses across development and describe the interaction between trauma and attachment in early life when threatening cues are processed by the attachment circuitry, rather than fear circuitry, within the brain. This approach can provide insight into age-specific treatments and interventions following infant trauma in the presence of a caregiver.

Effects of the SNAP25 on Integration Ability of Brain Functions in Children With ADHD

2020 ◽  
pp. 108705472096456
Author(s):  
Yue Yang ◽  
Gang Peng ◽  
Hongwu Zeng ◽  
Diangang Fang ◽  
Linlin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Lingual Gyrus ◽  
Window Method ◽  
Central Gyrus ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effects of SNAP25 on the integration ability of intrinsic brain functions in children with ADHD, and whether the integration ability was associated with working memory (WM). Methods: A sliding time window method was used to calculate the spatial and temporal concordance among five rs-fMRI regional indices in 55 children with ADHD and 20 healthy controls. Results: The SNAP25 exhibited significant interaction effects with ADHD diagnosis on the voxel-wise concordance in the right posterior central gyrus, fusiform gyrus and lingual gyrus. Specifically, for children with ADHD, G-carriers showed increased voxel-wise concordance in comparison to TT homozygotes in the right precentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus. The voxel-wise concordance was also found to be related to WM. Conclusion: Our findings provided a new insight into the neural mechanisms of the brain function of ADHD children.

scholarly journals Pain Detection and the Privacy of Subjective Experience

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 433-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Kolber
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Medical Evidence ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pain Symptoms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

A neurologist with abdominal pain goes to see a gastroenterologist for treatment. The gastroenterologist asks the neurologist where it hurts. The neurologist replies, “In my head, of course.” Indeed, while we can feel pain throughout much of our bodies, pain signals undergo most of their processing in the brain. Using neuroimaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (“fMRI”) and positron emission tomography (“PET”), researchers have more precisely identified brain regions that enable us to experience physical pain. Certain regions of the brain's cortex, for example, increase in activation when subjects are exposed to painful stimuli. Furthermore, the amount of activation increases with the intensity of the painful stimulus. These findings suggest that we may be able to gain insight into the amount of pain a particular person is experiencing by non-invasively imaging his brain.Such insight could be particularly valuable in the courtroom where we often have no definitive medical evidence to prove or disprove claims about the existence and extent of pain symptoms.

scholarly journals Distinct Roles of Deiodinases on the Phenotype of Mct8 Defect: A Comparison of Eight Different Mouse Genotypes

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 1180-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Hui Liao ◽  
Caterina Di Cosmo ◽  
Alexandra M. Dumitrescu ◽  
Arturo Hernandez ◽  
Jacqueline Van Sande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Serum T4 ◽  
Thyroid Axis ◽  
Mct8 Deficiency ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Serum Tsh

Mice deficient in the thyroid hormone (TH) transporter Mct8 (Mct8KO) have increased 5′-deiodination and impaired TH secretion and excretion. These and other unknown mechanisms result in the low-serum T4, high T3, and low rT3 levels characteristic of Mct8 defects. We investigated to what extent each of the 5′-deiodinases (D1, D2) contributes to the serum TH abnormalities of the Mct8KO by generating mice with all combinations of Mct8 and D1 and/or D2 deficiencies and comparing the resulting eight genotypes. Adding D1 deficiency to that of Mct8 corrected the serum TH abnormalities of Mct8KO mice, normalized brain T3 content, and reduced the impaired expression of TH-responsive genes. In contrast, Mct8D2KO mice maintained the serum TH abnormalities of Mct8KO mice. However, the serum TSH level increased 27-fold, suggesting a severely impaired hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The brain of Mct8D2KO manifested a pattern of more severe impairment of TH action than Mct8KO alone. In triple Mct8D1D2KO mice, the markedly increased serum TH levels produced milder brain defect than that of Mct8D2KO at the expense of more severe liver thyrotoxicosis. Additionally, we observed that mice deficient in D2 had an unexplained marked reduction in the thyroid growth response to TSH. Our studies on these eight genotypes provide a unique insight into the complex interplay of the deiodinases in the Mct8 defect and suggest that D1 contributes to the increased serum T3 in Mct8 deficiency, whereas D2 mainly functions locally, converting T4 to T3 to compensate for distinct cellular TH depletion in Mct8KO mice.

Trauma Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Busch ◽  
Barbara Milrod ◽  
Cory Chen ◽  
Meriamne Singer
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Veterans Administration ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Interpersonal Engagement ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

This book, which operationalizes and articulates in detail a unique, brief, tested psychodynamic psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy [TFPP], describes how to perform this helpful treatment. The book provides tailored psychodynamic background that underpins these approaches, and explains the different phases of treatment. Additionally, it articulates common underlying dynamics of PTSD that the treatment commonly addresses in patients to bring about symptomatic relief. TFPP is being tested in two diverse populations: military Veterans with PTSD who are receiving care at three Veterans Administration Hospitals, and also among LGBTQ patients with PTSD. The book is focused on the authors’ experiences treating Veterans and many clinical examples are provided demonstrating how to work with these principles and approaches. In general, patients and therapists have found the treatment to be an extremely useful tool. Veterans have gained insight into the impact of traumatic experiences on various aspects of their lives and had improvements in dissociation, interpersonal engagement, anxiety, and anger/hostility. TFPP appears to be particularly effective for patients with prominent avoidance symptoms and those who are unwilling or unable to recount the details of their trauma directly. Patients have been found to be more affectively engaged and better connected to others (including the therapist) following treatment.

scholarly journals Diving into the world of alcohol teratogenesis: a review of zebrafish models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohaan Fernandes ◽  
Desire M. Buckley ◽  
Johann K. Eberhart
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Craniofacial Skeleton ◽  
Fetal Alcohol ◽  
Embryonic Exposure ◽  
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) refers to the entire suite of deleterious outcomes resulting from embryonic exposure to alcohol. Along with other reviews in this special issue, we provide insight into how animal models, specifically the zebrafish, have informed our understanding of FASD. We first provide a brief introduction to FASD. We discuss the zebrafish as a model organism and its strengths for alcohol research. We detail how zebrafish has been used to model some of the major defects present in FASD. These include behavioral defects, such as social behavior as well as learning and memory, and structural defects, disrupting organs such as the brain, sensory organs, heart, and craniofacial skeleton. We provide insights into how zebrafish research has aided in our understanding of the mechanisms of ethanol teratogenesis. We end by providing some relatively recent advances that zebrafish has provided in characterizing gene-ethanol interactions that may underlie FASD.

scholarly journals Reflections on the Constraints and Opportunities in Therapy in Rett Syndrome

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 992-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Rett Syndrome ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

More than 20 years of clinical and research experience with affected people in the British Isles has provided insight into particular challenges for therapists, educators, or parents wishing to facilitate learning and to support the development of skills in people with Rett syndrome. This paper considers the challenges in two groups: those due to constraints imposed by the disabilities associated with the disorder and those stemming from the opportunities, often masked by the disorder, allowing the development of skills that depend on less-affected areas of the brain. Because the disorder interferes with the synaptic links between neurones, the functions of the brain that are most dependent on complex neural networks are the most profoundly affected. These functions include speech, memory, learning, generation of ideas, and the planning of fine movements, especially those of the hands. In contrast, spontaneous emotional and hormonal responses appear relatively intact. Whereas failure to appreciate the physical limitations of the disease leads to frustration for therapist and client alike, a clear understanding of the better-preserved areas of competence offers avenues for real progress in learning, the building of satisfying relationships, and achievement of a quality of life.

scholarly journals Brain Tumor Discovery Using Image Preprocessing

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 6870-6875
Author(s):  
Prem Jacob T ◽  
Polakam Sukanya ◽  
Thatiparthi Madhavi
Keyword(s):  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Mri Scan ◽  
Tree Disease ◽  
Cancer Prediction ◽  
Wired Communication ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Highlight Extraction ◽  
Insight Into

The segmentation of attractive reverberation images assumes a critical job in therapeutic fields since it removes the required territory from the picture. Generally, there is no unique methodology for the segmentation of the picture. Tumour division from MRI information is a critical tedious manual undertaking performed by therapeutic specialists. In this paper, the Brain Cancer prediction System has been detailed. The framework utilizes PC based methods to recognize tumor squares and classify the tumour utilizing Artificial Neural Network. The picture preparing strategies, for example, histogram evening out, picture division, picture improvement, and highlight extraction, have been produced for the location of the cerebrum tumor in the MRI pictures of the malignant growth Detected patients. This paper focuses around another and exceptionally acclaimed algorithm for mind tumor division of MRI scan image by ANN and SVM algorithms to analyze precisely the locale of malignant growth as a result of its straightforwardness and computational proficiency. The MATLAB output will be shown in pc and furthermore observe the yield to insert framework utilizing wired communication. To the best of our insight into the zone of therapeutic big data analytics, none of the current work concentrated on the two data types. Contrasted with a few runs of the typical algorithms, the computation precision of our proposed algorithm achieves 94.8% with an assembly speed, which is quicker than that of the Decision tree disease hazard prediction.

scholarly journals A selective effect of dopamine on information-seeking

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Vellani ◽  
Lianne P de Vries ◽  
Anne Gaule ◽  
Tali Sharot
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Selective Effect ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Primary Reward

Humans are motivated to seek information from their environment. How the brain motivates this behavior is unknown. One speculation is that the brain employs neuromodulatory systems implicated in primary reward-seeking, in particular dopamine, to instruct information-seeking. However, there has been no causal test for the role of dopamine in information-seeking. Here, we show that administration of a drug that enhances dopamine function (dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine; L-DOPA) reduces the impact of valence on information-seeking. Specifically, while participants under Placebo sought more information about potential gains than losses, under L-DOPA this difference was not observed. The results provide new insight into the neurobiology of information-seeking and generates the prediction that abnormal dopaminergic function (such as in Parkinson’s disease) will result in valence-dependent changes to information-seeking.

scholarly journals Reconstructing feedback representations in ventral visual pathway with a generative adversarial autoencoder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider Al-Tahan ◽  
Yalda Mohsenzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Ventral Visual Pathway ◽  
High Level ◽  
Feedback Connections ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractWhile vision evokes a dense network of feedforward and feedback neural processes in the brain, visual processes are primarily modeled with feedforward hierarchical neural networks, leaving the computational role of feedback processes poorly understood. Here, we developed a generative autoencoder neural network model and adversarially trained it on a categorically diverse data set of images. We hypothesized that the feedback processes in the ventral visual pathway can be represented by reconstruction of the visual information performed by the generative model. We compared representational similarity of the activity patterns in the proposed model with temporal (magnetoencephalography) and spatial (functional magnetic resonance imaging) visual brain responses. The proposed generative model identified two segregated neural dynamics in the visual brain. A temporal hierarchy of processes transforming low level visual information into high level semantics in the feedforward sweep, and a temporally later dynamics of inverse processes reconstructing low level visual information from a high level latent representation in the feedback sweep. Our results append to previous studies on neural feedback processes by presenting a new insight into the algorithmic function and the information carried by the feedback processes in the ventral visual pathway.Author summaryIt has been shown that the ventral visual cortex consists of a dense network of regions with feedforward and feedback connections. The feedforward path processes visual inputs along a hierarchy of cortical areas that starts in early visual cortex (an area tuned to low level features e.g. edges/corners) and ends in inferior temporal cortex (an area that responds to higher level categorical contents e.g. faces/objects). Alternatively, the feedback connections modulate neuronal responses in this hierarchy by broadcasting information from higher to lower areas. In recent years, deep neural network models which are trained on object recognition tasks achieved human-level performance and showed similar activation patterns to the visual brain. In this work, we developed a generative neural network model that consists of encoding and decoding sub-networks. By comparing this computational model with the human brain temporal (magnetoencephalography) and spatial (functional magnetic resonance imaging) response patterns, we found that the encoder processes resemble the brain feedforward processing dynamics and the decoder shares similarity with the brain feedback processing dynamics. These results provide an algorithmic insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of feedforward and feedback processes in biological vision.

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