Iconography and Style in Republican and Early Imperial Art (200 bce to 14 ce)

2021 ◽  
pp. 168-199
Author(s):  
Dominik Maschek
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Roman Art ◽  
Class Society ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Imperial Art

This chapter identifies pertinent trends in the scholarship of late republican and early imperial Roman art, from the early second century bce to the end of the Augustan period. By looking at specific themes and case studies, such as mythological terracottas, historical reliefs, decorative marble statues from elite villas, so-called neoattic art, and honorific as well as funerary portraits, the essentially eclectic nature of artistic themes and styles across a range of media and materials is illustrated. Moreover, based upon these case studies, the chapter explores the relations between stylistic choice and aspects like class, society, and politics. From this it becomes clear that the systematic use of archaizing, classicizing, and Hellenistic styles in the late republican and early imperial period was deeply rooted in a vibrant community of commissioners and artists who acted under the influence of profound sociopolitical transformations in Rome, central Italy, and the wider Mediterranean.

scholarly journals Failure Analysis of Apennine Masonry Churches Severely Damaged during the 2016 Central Italy Seismic Sequence

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Clementi
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Nonlinear Material ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Nonlinear Approach ◽  
Nonlinear Static ◽  
Masonry Churches ◽  
Global And Local

This paper presents a detailed study of the damages and collapses suffered by various masonry churches in the aftermath of the seismic sequence of Central Italy in 2016. The damages will first be analyzed and then compared with the numerical data obtained through 3D simulations with eigenfrequency and then nonlinear static analyses (i.e., pushover). The main purposes of this study are: (i) to create an adequately consistent sensitivity study on several definite case studies to obtain an insight into the role played by geometry—which is always unique when referred to churches—and by irregularities; (ii) validate or address the applicability limits of the more widespread nonlinear approach, widely recommended by the Italian Technical Regulations. Pushover analyses are conducted assuming that the masonry behaves as a nonlinear material with different tensile and compressive strengths. The consistent number of case studies investigated will show how conventional static approaches can identify, albeit in a qualitative way, the most critical macro-elements that usually trigger both global and local collapses, underlining once again how the phenomena are affected by the geometry of stones and bricks, the texture of the wall face, and irregularities in the plan and elevation and in addition to hypotheses made on the continuity between orthogonal walls.

scholarly journals Geosystemics and Earthquakes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo De Santis ◽  
Gianfranco Cianchini ◽  
Rita Di Giovambattista ◽  
Cristoforo Abbattista ◽  
Lucilla Alfonsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Solid Earth ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Complex Dynamical System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth’S Interior

Abstract. Geosystemics (De Santis 2009, 2014) studies the Earth system as a whole focusing on the possible coupling among the Earth layers (the so called geo-layers), and using universal tools to integrate different methods that can be applied to multi-parameter data, often taken on different platforms. Its main objective is to understand the particular phenomenon of interest from a holistic point of view. In this paper we will deal with earthquakes, considered as a long term chain of processes involving, not only the interaction between different components of the Earth’s interior, but also the coupling of the solid earth with the above neutral and ionized atmosphere, and finally culminating with the main rupture along the fault of concern (De Santis et al., 2015a). Some case studies (particular emphasis is given to recent central Italy earthquakes) will be discussed in the frame of the geosystemic approach for better understanding the physics of the underlying complex dynamical system.

scholarly journals The Groma and the Gladius: Roman Surveyors in the Later Republic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jason C Morris
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Roman Republic ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Land Surveying

<p>Boundaries have been a concern for all settled peoples in all times and places. The Romans  were no exception to this rule. Literary documents from the second century B.C. right  through to the end of the Western Empire in the fifth century A.D. show a continuous  preoccupation with the delineation of boundaries and the ownership or control of land. As part of this preoccupation, the Romans developed a complex legal framework for coping with property ownership. To accompany this legal framework, they developed a sophisticated system of boundary marking and land surveying known as centuriation. A great deal of scholarly attention has been expended on understanding both the system of centuriation and the legal framework governing Roman land use. Far less attention has been paid to the social development of the agrimensores or land surveyors who actually carried out the operation of centuriation and dealt with the problems of property disputes in the Imperial period. This thesis will focus on the social identity of the Roman land surveyors with a particular emphasis on understanding their origins in the surveying institutions of the later Republic. To accomplish this study, the thesis will be broken down into three broad chapters, each chapter containing two or three subsections. The first chapter will examine the social identity and evolution of the finitor, who has traditionally been considered the surveyor of the Roman Republic. The second chapter will examine the identity of the agrimensores or mensores in the particular context of the Roman army in an effort to distinguish them from the metatores, three names which have been considered to refer to the same or a similar occupation. The third chapter will examine the mensor in the context of the Roman Republic and trace the social forces that shaped their identity as specialists in land law and surveying.</p>

scholarly journals Simulating lightning into the RAMS model: implementation and preliminary results

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2933-2950 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Federico ◽  
E. Avolio ◽  
M. Petracca ◽  
G. Panegrossi ◽  
P. Sanò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Lightning Activity ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Lazio Region ◽  
Positioning Errors ◽  
First Case

Abstract. This paper shows the results of a tailored version of a previously published methodology, designed to simulate lightning activity, implemented into the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The method gives the flash density at the resolution of the RAMS grid scale allowing for a detailed analysis of the evolution of simulated lightning activity. The system is applied in detail to two case studies occurred over the Lazio Region, in Central Italy. Simulations are compared with the lightning activity detected by the LINET network. The cases refer to two thunderstorms of different intensity which occurred, respectively, on 20 October 2011 and on 15 October 2012. The number of flashes simulated (observed) over Lazio is 19435 (16231) for the first case and 7012 (4820) for the second case, and the model correctly reproduces the larger number of flashes that characterized the 20 October 2011 event compared to the 15 October 2012 event. There are, however, errors in timing and positioning of the convection, whose magnitude depends on the case study, which mirrors in timing and positioning errors of the lightning distribution. For the 20 October 2011 case study, spatial errors are of the order of a few tens of kilometres and the timing of the event is correctly simulated. For the 15 October 2012 case study, the spatial error in the positioning of the convection is of the order of 100 km and the event has a longer duration in the simulation than in the reality. To assess objectively the performance of the methodology, standard scores are presented for four additional case studies. Scores show the ability of the methodology to simulate the daily lightning activity for different spatial scales and for two different minimum thresholds of flash number density. The performance decreases at finer spatial scales and for higher thresholds. The comparison of simulated and observed lighting activity is an immediate and powerful tool to assess the model ability to reproduce the intensity and the evolution of the convection. This shows the importance of using computationally efficient lightning schemes, such as the one described in this paper, in forecast models.

The Gutenberg-Richter Law and Entropy of Earthquakes: Two Case Studies in Central Italy

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 1386-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Santis ◽  
G. Cianchini ◽  
P. Favali ◽  
L. Beranzoli ◽  
E. Boschi
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Italy

scholarly journals Lean Management: organizational innovations in hematological Day-Hospitals

ABOUTOPEN ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Caterina Bianciardi ◽  
Jacopo Guercini
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Health Care Environment ◽  
Lean Thinking ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
Day Hospitals ◽  
Poor Management

Background. Lean Thinking is a management method which, despite its industrial origins, has spread in the health-care environment too. Objective. To describe the path followed and the results reached implementing Lean Thinking in four case studies.  Methods. Such case studies were conducted in as many hematological Day-Hospitals (DHs), located in Central-Italy. At the beginning of each study, the DH internal processes, activity volumes and patient flows were analyzed and satisfaction questionnaires were administered to both operators and patients. Based on the returned questionnaires, deficiencies were focused on; for each deficiency data was collected and objectives defined. Following such definitions, the analysis of inefficiency causes was performed and countermeasures were identified. In the final meeting the results were assessed and monitoring/maintenance methods were defined. All these steps were supported by Lean Thinking instruments for analysis and solution.         Results. Activity organization and patient satisfaction improved everywhere. Time losses and workloads imbalances were minimized in two DHs, particularly through higher standardization in the management of clinical-administrative documents. In another DH, the output capacity of the hospital pharmacy and the workflows in the DH were aligned with respect to the course of the day, so reducing delays in the delivery of therapies.  Appointment planning was improved in the fourth DH, standardizing time slots (15-minutes) necessary for each therapy, so optimizing the number of stations (beds and chairs) used. Conclusions. Poor management of health care facilities can affect efficiency, security and quality of services provided. Lean Thinking is a valid method to address such problems.

scholarly journals RE-READING POLLUX: ENCYCLOPAEDIC STRUCTURE AND ATHLETIC CULTURE IN ONOMASTICON BOOK 3

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-315
Author(s):  
Jason König
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Vast Range

Ioulios Polydeukes, more commonly known as Pollux, was a Greek sophist and lexicographer active in the closing decades of the second century a.d. His Onomasticon is one of the most important lexicographical texts of the Imperial period. It is essentially a set of word lists dedicated to collecting clusters of related words on topics from a vast range of different areas of intellectual activity and everyday life. The text survives only in epitomized form, and shows signs of interpolation as well as abridgement. Nevertheless, the consensus is that the bulk of what survives is Pollux’ own work, and that reading it in Eric Bethe's Teubner edition gives an accurate cumulative impression of Pollux’ standard procedures and preoccupations, even if we cannot be entirely confident that any particular cluster of words had exactly the same form within the text's original design. It is divided into ten books, each with its own dedicatory preface addressed to the Emperor Commodus. Each book has its own distinctive focus on certain key themes, although the ordering principles are much clearer in some than in others.

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