The Act of Slavery in 20th Century as Reflected in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot

This study aims to analyze the act of slavery that happened in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. The characters that are involved are Pozzo as the master and Lucky as his slave. By analyzing how Pozzo oppresses Lucky, it reflects the act of slavery that also happened in reality in the 20th century when the story was written. This study is a qualitative descriptive method using the sociology of literature approach to reveal the connection between the situations in the play with the situations of the world in the 20th century. The data of this research are collected from the utterances and dialogues of the characters in the text play Waiting for Godot. The result showed that the act of slavery acted by Pozzo and Lucky also happened in the 20th century before, during, and after World War II in the 1940s. An upper-class society would enslave and oppress a lower-class society at the time because they had power and money.

Counter Class and Counter Identity: Confrontations of Power in Tony Harrison's Poetry

Tony Harrison is a contemporary British author whose poetry is highly influential in encountering the issue of identity and class struggles. As a working-class student, Harrison was subject to prejudice and discrimination for his working-class accent. This paper investigates two of his highly admired poems, “On Not Being Milton” and “Them & uz” from a cultural standpoint, mainly concentrated on John Fiske’s theory of power and language. The role of language in the context of his poems is probed. The multiaccentuality of language is represented in his poetry and these two poems become the site of struggle for the imperialising and the localising power. It is intended to illuminate the sought space of identity which Harrison is constantly referring to as a member of the English working-class society. Lastly, the social and personal relationship between Harrison and Milton has been explored positing Harrison in a transcendental context in his relationship with Milton.

Iconography and Style in Republican and Early Imperial Art (200 bce to 14 ce)

This chapter identifies pertinent trends in the scholarship of late republican and early imperial Roman art, from the early second century bce to the end of the Augustan period. By looking at specific themes and case studies, such as mythological terracottas, historical reliefs, decorative marble statues from elite villas, so-called neoattic art, and honorific as well as funerary portraits, the essentially eclectic nature of artistic themes and styles across a range of media and materials is illustrated. Moreover, based upon these case studies, the chapter explores the relations between stylistic choice and aspects like class, society, and politics. From this it becomes clear that the systematic use of archaizing, classicizing, and Hellenistic styles in the late republican and early imperial period was deeply rooted in a vibrant community of commissioners and artists who acted under the influence of profound sociopolitical transformations in Rome, central Italy, and the wider Mediterranean.

Genesis of Artificially Deformed Early Medieval Skulls Discovered at Samtavro Cemetery and Their Historical Significance

The work ‘Genesis of Artificially Deformed Early Medieval Skulls Discovered at Samtavro Cemetery and Their Historical Significance’ looks at early medieval regular and artificially deformed skulls obtained from Samtavro cemetery and preserved at the Anthropological Research Laboratory of the History and Ethnology Institute of the Tbilisi State University. Apart from the skulls, the work deals with the catalogue of the craniological collection and individual data for every skull preserved in this institution. The work also relies on the information of the records kept in the Georgian National Museum, based on which knowledge about early medieval types of graves, burial rites and artifacts of Samtavro cemetery has been obtained. The work looks at the types of cranial deformation, gender and age structure of the buried, physiological stress markers and anomaly frequencies among the population of this period. It also outlines distribution of the inventory among the deformed and non-deformed skulls in order to estimate whether the deformed ones belonged to the upper class society. Charts are compiled based on distribution of deformed and non-deformed skulls obtained from Samtavro cemetery according to gender and age, which provides a clear picture in respect to average life expectancy among the individuals with deformed and non-deformed skulls. In order to find the reason for the deformation, historical sources are considered and final explanation for why the residents of Mtskheta practiced artificial deformation of skulls is provided.

El Gambrinus Halle (1894), un café-cervecería a la última moda en el centro de Florencia

Este trabajo se centra en el estudio del Gambrinus Halle de Florencia (Italia), que fue inaugurado el 29 de noviembre de 1894. Los críticos de la época acogieron con grandes elogios su apertura y destacaron la elegancia de su instalación y sus amplias dimensiones conseguidas gracias al empleo de nuevos materiales y técnicas de construcción. De hecho, fue uno de los cafés-cervecerías más grandes de Europa. Fue fundado por Spirito Giamello en la recién creada piazza Vittorio Emanuele II (actual piazza della Repubblica), que se convirtió en el «salón urbano» preferido para la sociedad burguesa florentina. Este establecimiento, al igual que otros emplazados en este espacio, fue importante como lugar de encuentro y reunión de relevantes personalidades, principalmente de la actualidad artística. Estuvo en funcionamiento hasta comienzos de la década de los veinte de la pasada centuria, momento en el que sus locales fueron destinados a sala cinematográfica y que ahora acogen un Hard Rock café. Con este texto se pretende contribuir al conocimiento y valoración de este centro que fue instituido para rendir culto al legendario Gambrinus. This work focuses on the study of the Gambrinus Halle, which opened in Florence, Italy, on 29 November 1894. The critics of the time praised the opening and emphasised the elegance and spaciousness of the premises, resulting from the use of new building materials and techniques. In fact, the establishment was one of the biggest cafés-beer houses in Europe. The Gambrinus Halle was founded by Spirito Giamello in the newly built piazza Vittorio Emanuele II (nowadays piazza della Repubblica), which became the favourite “urban hall” of the middle-class society of Florence. As other establishments located in the area, it was a major meeting point for relevant figures, specially artists. It remained in business until the 1920s, when its halls were turned into a cinema, and it now houses a Hard Rock café. This work aims at making this establishment, founded to praise the legendary Gambrinus, better known and appreciated.

Wong Cilik in Javanese History and Culture, Indonesia

In every country, regional social concepts are of significance in the political environment. In Indonesia, about 40% of the population are ethnic Javanese. Accordingly, their cultural concepts bear a considerable influence on the political map and presidential elections. As a large community, the Javanese hold on to longstanding historical notions of the position of the ruler and the wong cilik or commoner in the mechanics of governance and governmental administration. In Javanese social stratification, the ruler and the people are conceptualised and positioned in different ways compared with governance in modern democratic societies. Two broad social levels can be distinguished the wong cilik, consisting of peasants and the city lower classes, and the priyayi (or ruling elite and high class society). They can be somehow compared with the traditional classification of the proletariat or the working class and the bourgeois, the holders of the means of production. Both have their own social and economic life but have an interdependent relationship of exchanging services and goods. This relationship is known in Java as kawula and gusti, a cultural “patron-client” relation, containing supporting reciprocally based on authority.

Sociological Analysis of the Important Characters in Kevin Kwan’s Crazy Rich Asians

This research is about the sociological problems of five important characters in Kevin Kwan’s Crazy Rich Asian. Rachel Chu is the main character in this story comes from the middle class society. She has a relationships with Nicholas Young who comes from the upper class society. They face a lot of problems especially from Nicholas’s family who doesn’t agree with their relationships. Different society influences the character of someone. That’s why this research is aimed to find out the types of social class and the influence of social class on the character that showed in the story. The data were collected by reading the novel thoroughly then using the note-taking technique before being identified based on the topic. The collected data were descriptively analyzed by using qualitative-descriptive method to classify the types of social class and the influence of social class on the character that found in this novel. Based on the result of the research, it is found that there are three kinds of social class in Kevin Kwan’s Crazy Rich Asian, those are: Upper class, Middle class and Working class. Rachel Chu who comes from the middle class society has a simple personality. She prefers to save her money for food though she is a lecturer in university rather than her boy friend, Nicholas Young who comes from the worthy family. Nick’s family are also live glamor in Singapore. They spend a lot of money for fashion and jewelry. It much different with Rachel’s mom ( Kerry Chu) who originally comes from working or lower class society. She fulfills her daughter alone and becomes a single parent because she has divorced with her husband when Rachel still child. This condition make Eleanor Young doesn’t agree with the relationships however the power of love between Nick and Rachel defeated everything. Finally, they become a couple.

SATIRE IN EMMA HEALEY’S WHISTLE IN THE DARK: POSTMODERN STUDY

The aims of this study are to identify the social issues which are being satirized in Emma Healey’s Whistle in The Dark and and explicate Healey’s ways in satirizing the social issues in Whistle in The Dark. The writer applies the theory of satire in order to analyze social issues in the novel.This study applied qualitative research because the writer interpreted the novel in order to answer the research questions. The data are the narrator’s narration and characters’ utterances in the novel which are taken through scanning and skimming reading technique. The data analysis was done by classifying the narrations and utterances into the types of satire, discussing the findings, and concluding.The results of this study revealed that there are several social issues in the novel that are being satirized by Emma Healey, they are; environmental racism, mother-daughter relationship, queer issue, society’s fairytale, religious issue, technology in society, high-class society, society’s judgement, work and occupation, cyber pornography, sexual behaviour, people’s dissatisfaction, people’s anxiety, women’s insecurity, and teenager’s mental illness. The most used satire in the novel is Narrative.