Peace, Intervention, and State Fragility

2021 ◽  
pp. 353-367
Author(s):  
Nicolas Lemay-Hébert
Keyword(s):  
Fragile States ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Weak States ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between discourses of state fragility and peacebuilding and statebuilding interventions. The chapter covers two different (yet compatible) discourses of state fragility and intervention. The first one is grounded in the modern episteme, based on a dichotomy between strong and weak states through state rankings and fragile states listings that legitimize intervention in these weak states. The second one is an emerging discourse on risk and resilience, with more fluid understandings of fragility that go beyond the dichotomy of strong versus weak states, but also opens up new interventionary possibilities for international actors. The chapter takes stock of these discourses, emphasizing commonalities and divergences between them, as well as the repercussions for the peacebuilding and statebuilding practice and academic literature.

The role of personality in shaping pandemic response: Systemic sociopolitical factors drive country differences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Siritzky ◽  
David M Condon ◽  
Sara J Weston
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
The Relationship

The current study utilizes the current COVID-19 pandemic to highlight the importance of accounting for the influence of external political and economic factors in personality public-health research. We investigated the extent to which systemic factors modify the relationship between personality and pandemic response. Results shed doubt on the cross-cultural generalizability of common big-five factor models. Individual differences only predicted government compliance in autocratic countries and in countries with income inequality. Personality was only predictive of mental health outcomes under conditions of state fragility and autocracy. Finally, there was little evidence that the big five traits were associated with preventive behaviors. Our ability to use individual differences to understand policy-relevant outcomes changes based on environmental factors and must be assessed on a trait-by-trait basis, thus supporting the inclusion of systemic political and economic factors in individual differences models.

Illicit Economies and Political Violence in Central Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence P. Markowitz ◽  
Mariya Y. Omelicheva
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Drug Trade ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Collaborative Relationships ◽  
Organized Violence ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Terrorist Violence

This chapter examines low levels of terrorist violence in Muslim-majority societies. Studies of terrorism have tended to view the relationship between religion and violence through the narrow lens of security, thereby overpredicting the extent of terrorist violence across societies. After reviewing the various explanations for terrorist violence, and applying them to Central Asia, this chapter explores the conditions under which a state’s involvement in illicit economies—specifically its collusion in the drug trade—can dampen levels of terrorist violence. Combining quantitative analysis (including GIS-enabled tools) with a series of in-depth expert interviews conducted in Central Asia, it emphasizes the complex political economy of security that defines infrastructurally weak states, where political and security apparatuses are often immersed in informal and illicit economies. This approach helps uncover the complex links between religion and organized violence, where state apparatuses are often drawn into collaborative relationships with nonstate actors.

scholarly journals Are adult learners in Europe happier than non-learners? Statistical evidence from the European Social Survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 147490412110146
Author(s):  
Ellen Boeren
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Adult Learning ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Relationship

This paper borrows insights from the literature on European welfare regimes to analyse the relationship between happiness and participation in adult education. The academic literature and policy discourses on adult education tend to claim that participation in learning is correlated with happiness despite the lack of strong European comparative empirical evidence on this topic. This paper uses data from the latest Wave of the European Social Survey to analyse the happiness perceptions of nearly 20,000 adults between the ages of 25 and 64 who live in 16 European countries (15 European Union countries and the United Kingdom). Results indicate that while adult learners on average tend to be happier than non-learners, this correlation weakens when controlling for determinants of participation and happiness and for the countries in which these adults live. Confirming the importance of welfare regimes, this study found that adults in Finland tend to be happier than those in other countries, regardless of their participation in adult education. Happiness scores were lowest in Bulgaria and Hungary, countries with low participation rates in adult education and with the biggest differences in happiness scores between learners and non-learners. It is argued that the presence of well-structured adult learning provision might be an important characteristic of welfare regimes but that happiness is determined by much more than being an adult learner.

The Implementation of Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom: Principles and Problems

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564
Author(s):  
Dawn Oliver
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Executive Agencies ◽  
The Relationship

First, I want to express my gratitude and sense of honour in being invited to deliver the Lionel Cohen lecture for 1995. The relationship between the Israeli and the British legal systems is a close and mutually beneficial one, and we in Britain in particular owe large debts to the legal community in Israel. This is especially the case in my field, public law, where distinguished academics have enriched our academic literature, notably Justice Zamir, whose work on the declaratory judgment has been so influential. Israeli courts, too, have made major contributions to the development of the common law generally and judicial review very notably.In this lecture I want to discuss the process of constitutional reform in the United Kingdom, and to explore some of the difficulties that lie in the way of reform. Some quite radical reforms to our system of government — the introduction of executive agencies in the British civil service, for instance—have been introduced without resort to legislation. There has been a spate of reform to local government and the National Health Service.

scholarly journals Socio-economic viability of public management in the context of European integration processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (35) ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Irina KOSACH ◽  
Anastasiia DUKA ◽  
Grygoriy STARCHENKO ◽  
Olena MYHAYLOVSKA ◽  
Artur ZHAVORONOK
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Relationship

The European Union forms new requirements for the efficiency of public institutions and the gradual transformation of public management. The relationship between the viability of public management to solve internal problems and the dynamics of socio-economic development is obvious. So, the evaluation of the viability of public institutions’ actions related to the socio-economic processes in any country has theoretical and practical significance. The purpose of our study is to assess the socio-economic viability of public management in the context of European integration processes. Within the article, a comprehensive study of the public management viability in EU countries is presented. The specificity of the study is to assess the socio-economic viability of public management on the basis of economic and social indicators of EU countries. According to the overview of scientific works it is a need to use a comprehensive indicator of public management viability evaluation. So, the considerable attention is paid to the deepening of methodical aspects of public management effectiveness on the basis of multicriteria methods. The result of the study is the calculation of the Socio-Economic Viability Index of Public Management. The obtained results prove the relationship between the SocioEconomic Viability Index of Public Management and the progress of economic reforms in the EU, with the possibility of appropriate conclusions for countries to identify strengths and weaknesses, justify priorities and means to achieve them in the context of European integration. These conclusions can be used as a starting point to assess the relationship between the level of development of the European country and the quality of its public management. The study confirmed the thesis on the correlation between the SocioEconomic Viability Index of Public Management and Happy Planet Index, The Global Competitiveness Index, Corruption Perceptions Index, Fragile States Index and сonfirm the possibility of using this indicator to assess public management quality in EU countries.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Recruiter Burnout, Work Engagement and Turnover Intention: Evidence from Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-210
Author(s):  
Tatjana Ivanovic ◽  
Sonja Ivancevic ◽  
Milica Maricic
Keyword(s):  
Work Engagement ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Contemporary research on disorders in modern-day work environment marks burnout among employees in different professions as an important disorder with serious consequences. Practice has shown that recruiters are one of the professions frequently facing burnout. The relationship between burnout, work engagement and turnover intention has often been investigated in the literature. However, even though scholars are increasingly interested in these relationships in other professions, there is a growing need for studies evaluating the relationship between the three concepts among human resource (HR) professionals, particularly recruiters. Having this in mind, the aim of this study is to identify, understand and examine the relationship between burnout, engagement and turnover intention of recruiters in Serbia. The data was collected using an online questionnaire within a sample of 100 recruiters in Serbia. Copenhagen Burnout Inventory was used for measuring burnout, UWES-9 for measuring work engagement and TIS-6 for measuring turnover intention. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used for evaluating the relationships between burnout, turnover intention and work engagement. The results of the research showed that work engagement has a negative impact on burnout and that burnout has a positive impact on turnover intention, while the relationship between work engagement and turnover intention was not confirmed. The correlation analysis confirmed all three examined relationships. The results largely support the findings from the literature for other professions confirming that employees who suffer from a high degree of burnout are more likely to have a turnover intention. Finally, the implications of these results and recommendations for organizations and recruiters themselves to prevent and decrease burnout are discussed. The findings of this study can make a contribution to the specific academic literature on burnout among recruiters and initiate further research on this topic of high interest.

scholarly journals Uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo scopping/mapping sobre a Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1242
Author(s):  
Victor Bueno Sellin ◽  
Tania Pereira Christopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Sustainable Urbanization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Periurban Agriculture ◽  
The Relationship

The world is undergoing an accelerated urbanization process marked by social and environmental imbalances. In this context, urban and periurban agriculture (UPA) emerges as an alternative to sustainable urbanization mainly due to its contribution to food security, reduction of environmental impact, revitalization of urban areas, integration of households and physical and psychological well-being increasing. The purpose of this paper is to understand how academic literature deals with urban and periurban agriculture. For that, a scoping / mapping literature review was carried out and its results were presented after identification of relevant scientific studies on UPA, its main aspects, ways in which the term has been defined; and discussion about themes from the selected articles. After this review, the conclusions are: the scientific production on the subject is undergoing high growth rates in recent years; the relationship between UPA and urban dynamics is more important for the definition of UPA than the location of agriculture; and that the aspects that authors found most interesting are: concept and panorama, urban planning and governance, quantitative potential, environment, risk of contamination and techniques and productivity.

Women’s Work in Fragile States: Evidence from a Firm-Level Dataset in Somaliland

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-443
Author(s):  
Jami Nelson-Nuñez ◽  
Christopher Cyr
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Limited Access

Abstract What explains variation in women’s employment in fragile states with conflict-affected histories and limited state capacity? Employment builds stability and including women in labor markets can yield peace dividends. We use data from a firm-level survey in Somaliland, a de facto state in northern Somalia, to investigate why some firms employ more women than others. We analyze firm characteristics affected by state fragility and conflict, including female firm ownership, diaspora ownership and management, and limited access to services. This research contributes to our understanding of economic growth in fragile contexts and identifies opportunities to address gender inequalities in the developing world.

Education and trust: A tale of three continents

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 676-693
Author(s):  
Cecilia Güemes ◽  
Francisco Herreros
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Theoretical Insight

To date, most research finds education to have a positive effect on trust. Education increases people’s social intelligence, making them better able to distinguish between trustworthy and opportunistic types. Alternatively, education allows people to attain privileged social status, making them more resistant to deceit and exploitation by opportunistic types. In this article we show that this is not always the case. The relationship between education and trust is mediated by state efficacy; where the state is relatively efficacious, trustworthy types largely survive, while the opposite is true with relatively weak states. In weak states, highly educated people should be the least trustful. We empirically demonstrate this theoretical insight with survey data from three continents, Europe and Africa at the extremes and Latin America in the middle. We provide some indirect evidence in favor of social intelligence as the key mechanism linking education and trust.

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