The cortical silent period

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Wolters ◽  
Ulf Ziemann ◽  
Reiner Benecke
Keyword(s):  
Silent Period ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Cortical Silent Period ◽  
Standardized Protocol ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Voluntary Muscle Contraction ◽  
Contralateral Motor ◽  
Stimulation Of

The cortical silent period (cSP) refers to an interruption of voluntary muscle contraction by transcranial stimulation of the contralateral motor cortex. This article summarizes the physiology of cSP and gives guidelines as to how the cSP should be recorded and analysed, and refers to useful clinical applications. It describes the mechanisms at the spinal and supraspinal level can account for the cSP. It is currently thought that the cSP is mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. cSP measurements are easy to obtain but require a standardized protocol to allow useful interpretation. Conditioning electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerves shortens the cSP. A conditioning transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse also affects cSP duration. The cSP duration is influenced by pathological conditions. cSP is an attractive probe to assess motor cortical inhibition in health and disease.

Cortical silent period

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Kofler ◽  
Ulf Ziemann ◽  
Vasilios K. Kimiskidis
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Cortical Silent Period ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Magnetic Stimulus ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Voluntary Muscle Contraction

The cortical silent period (cSP) refers to a period of suppression or silencing of ongoing electromyographic (EMG) activity during voluntary muscle contraction induced by a magnetic stimulus over the contralateral primary motor cortex. This chapter summarizes the physiological basis of the cSP, discusses technical aspects and recommendations on how to record and analyze it, and provides an overview of useful clinical applications. Evidence is presented that multiple spinal mechanisms are implicated in the initial part of the cSP, but some may be also active further on, whereas long-lasting cortical inhibitory mechanisms operate throughout the entire cSP, with an emphasis during its later part. The cSP is a highly relevant and clinically useful tool to assess inhibitory corticomotoneuronal mechanisms in health and disease.

Risperidone increases the cortical silent period in drug-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libor Ustohal ◽  
Michaela Mayerova ◽  
Veronika Hublova ◽  
Hana Prikrylova Kucerova ◽  
Eva Ceskova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Cortical Silent Period ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia

Objectives: Schizophrenia is accompanied by impaired cortical inhibition, as measured by several markers including the cortical silent period (CSP). It is thought that CSP measures gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors B (GABAB) mediated inhibitory activity. But the mutual roles of schizophrenia as a disease and the drugs used for the treatment of psychosis on GABA mediated neurotransmission are not clear. Methods: We recruited 13 drug-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess CSP prior to initiating risperidone monotherapy and again four weeks later. At the same time, we rated the severity of psychopathology using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results: We obtained data from 12 patients who showed a significant increase in CSP, from 134.20±41.81 ms to 162.95±61.98 ms ( p=0.041; Cohen’s d=0.544). After the treatment, the PANSS total score was significantly lower, as were the individual subscores ( p<0.05). However, no correlation was found between ΔCSP and ΔPANSS. Conclusion: Our study in patients with first-episode schizophrenia demonstrated an association between risperidone monotherapy and an increase in GABAB mediated inhibitory neurotransmission.

Changes in the cortical silent period after repetitive magnetic stimulation of cortical motor areas

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Romeo ◽  
F. Gilio ◽  
F. Pedace ◽  
S. Ozkaynak ◽  
M. Inghilleri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Cortical Silent Period ◽  
Cortical Motor ◽  
Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Motor Areas

scholarly journals Transcranial magnetic stimulation neurophysiology of patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Megumi Kinjo ◽  
Masataka Wada ◽  
Shinichiro Nakajima ◽  
Sakiko Tsugawa ◽  
Tomomi Nakahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Major Depressive

Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental illness with high socio-economic burden, but its pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated. Recently, the cortical excitatory and inhibitory imbalance hypothesis and neuroplasticity hypothesis have been proposed for MDD. Although several studies have examined the neurophysiological profiles in MDD using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a meta-analysis of TMS neurophysiology has not been performed. The objective of this study was to compare TMS-electromyogram (TMS-EMG) findings between patients with MDD and healthy controls (HCs). To this end, we examined whether patients with MDD have lower short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) which reflects gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor-mediated activity, lower cortical silent period (CSP) which represents GABAB receptor-mediated activity, higher intracortical facilitation (ICF) which reflects glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated activity, and the lower result of paired associative stimulation (PAS) paradigm which shows the level of neuroplasticity in comparison with HC. Further, we explored the effect of clinical and demographic factors that may influence TMS neurophysiological indices. We first searched and identified research articles that conducted single- or paired-pulse TMS-EMG on patients with MDD and HC. Subsequently, we extracted the data from the included studies and meta-analyzed the data with the comprehensive meta-analysis software. Patients with MDD were associated with lower SICI, lower CSP, potentially higher ICF, and lower PAS compared with HC. Our results confirmed the proposed hypotheses, suggesting the usefulness of TMS neurophysiology as potential diagnostic markers of MDD.

Cortical inhibition at rest and under a focused attention challenge in adults with migraine with and without aura

Cephalalgia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 914-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Maier ◽  
Imke Sebastian ◽  
Matthias Weisbrod ◽  
Christine M Freitag ◽  
Franz Resch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Migraine With Aura ◽  
Contingent Negative Variation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Migraine Without Aura ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Cortical Silent Period

Objectives: We aimed to further elucidate the functional and attentional regulation of cortical excitability in migraine patients. Methods: We investigated the cortical silent period (CSP) after transcranial magnetic stimulation as a measure of cortical inhibition under three conditions: resting condition, cortical preactivation during reaction preparation, and during the post-processing of a motor response using a visual contingent negative variation paradigm in adults with migraine with aura, migraine without aura and healthy controls. Results: CSP was reduced in individuals with migraine with aura and unaffected in those with migraine without aura under resting conditions. Along with the intensity of transcranial magnetic stimulation, CSP increased equally in all groups (equal slopes). Furthermore, the functional challenge by a contingent negative variation task requiring focused sustained attention led to a comparable reduction of CSP duration in all groups. Discussion: Our data provide further hints towards the conclusion that a specific cortical inhibition deficit in migraine with aura but not migraine without aura is due to a tonic imbalance and not related to increased reactions to phasic stressors. Given that CSP at rest is related to GABA-ergic inhibition whereas the CSP reduction during late contingent negative variation is thought to be related to dopaminergic disinhibition in the basal ganglia, our results point towards reduced GABA-ergic cortical inhibition related to dysfunctional thalamo-cortical loops, especially in migraine with aura.

scholarly journals Cortical silent period reflects individual differences in action stopping performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Paci ◽  
Giulio Di Cosmo ◽  
Mauro Gianni Perrucci ◽  
Francesca Ferri ◽  
Marcello Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Cortical Silent Period ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

AbstractInhibitory control is the ability to suppress inappropriate movements and unwanted actions, allowing to regulate impulses and responses. This ability can be measured via the Stop Signal Task, which provides a temporal index of response inhibition, namely the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). At the neural level, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) allows to investigate motor inhibition within the primary motor cortex (M1), such as the cortical silent period (CSP) which is an index of GABAB-mediated intracortical inhibition within M1. Although there is strong evidence that intracortical inhibition varies during action stopping, it is still not clear whether differences in the neurophysiological markers of intracortical inhibition contribute to behavioral differences in actual inhibitory capacities. Hence, here we explored the relationship between intracortical inhibition within M1 and behavioral response inhibition. GABABergic-mediated inhibition in M1 was determined by the duration of CSP, while behavioral inhibition was assessed by the SSRT. We found a significant positive correlation between CSP’s duration and SSRT, namely that individuals with greater levels of GABABergic-mediated inhibition seem to perform overall worse in inhibiting behavioral responses. These results support the assumption that individual differences in intracortical inhibition are mirrored by individual differences in action stopping abilities.

Shortened cortical silent period in facial muscles of patients with migraine

Pain ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Curra ◽  
Francesco Pierelli ◽  
Gianluca Coppola ◽  
Piero Barbanti ◽  
Maria Gabriella Buzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silent Period ◽  
Cortical Silent Period ◽  
Facial Muscles
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document