Reformed Theology in North America

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Paul Lim ◽  
Drew Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Contemporary Life ◽  
Immigration And Settlement ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
European Immigration

The development of Reformed theology in North America is inextricably linked with the story of European immigration and settlement of the New World. Just as diverse geographic and political circumstances crucially shaped a variegated network of Reformed churches in Europe, the immigration of key groups and figures from this network brought a similar diversity of Reformed Christian thought and practice to the New World. These interrelated traditions then developed in the context of colonial settlements and ultimately hand and hand with the formation and development of national identities. In America, the experience and consequences of the Civil War and its aftermath fundamentally formed the institutional entities and cultural realities in which the Reformed tradition developed in the nineteenth century, and also set the trajectory for its shaping influences in the twentieth century, and in contemporary life as well. This background provides a key hermeneutical lens through which to see the theological conflicts between Reformed Christians who identified closely with the classical Protestant past and those who desired to drive the tradition in a direction more consistent with what they took to be its inevitable modern future. Reformed theology in North America today is thus the product of the planting of various Reformed roots in colonial soil in the midst of the transition to modernity.

Indigenous Elsewhere: Lord Selkirk and Native Memory and Resettlement

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-200
Author(s):  
Kenneth McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
State Policy ◽  
New World ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Third ◽  
Immigration And Settlement ◽  
Radical Transformation

The third chapter explores reconceptualisations of the ‘aborigine’ in the writing of a pivotal figure in British immigration and settlement history, Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk. Selkirk’s proposals to solve the problem of dispossession in the Highlands through planned Highland settlements in the New World brought about a radical transformation in British attitudes to Highland emigration and, in the process, helped reshape a national and imperial geography, in large part through a reimagining of ‘native’ folk memory. This chapter examines Selkirk’s published and unpublished writing, in which he lays claim to the value of an ‘aboriginal’ people, arguing for the preservation of a Highland way of life in ethnically pristine ‘National Settlements’ that would serve as a bulwark for British interest in the New World. Selkirk’s schemes for wholesale transatlantic resettlement of dispossessed Highlanders reset the terms for the Clearance debate in Scotland; at the same time, these ideas – and those on the future of indigenous people in North America – also helped to set the parameters of state policy on native removals and resettlement in the Atlantic world in the nineteenth century.

Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Presbyterianism in North America

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-71
Author(s):  
Sean Michael Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Old World ◽  
Theological Debate ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Trying to account for the growth of Presbyterianism in North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is not simply a matter of demographics. Rather, Presbyterianism’s expansion was the result of a developing sense of identity, centering on robust theological debate as shaped by the process of Americanization. Starting in the eighteenth century, this New World faith drew from Old World precedents and personalities, but transformed them in the new North American context. Not every Presbyterian participated in this mainstream development; African Americans, Scots Covenanters, and Canadians all found themselves to be outsiders to this developing American faith. These outsiders actually highlight the larger trend: Presbyterians more than any other denominational tradition would become a “church with the soul of the nation.” This commitment, and perhaps captivity, to American culture accounts for Presbyterian success during this period, but it would also set the stage for the fierce battles over Presbyterian identity in the twentieth century and beyond.

scholarly journals 'Maggid of Montreal': Rabbi Hirsch Cohen on the dilemmas of the Canadian rabbi

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lapidus
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
European Values

Tzvi Hirsch Cohen was one of those pioneering eastern European clergy who immigrated to North America in the early twentieth century. So many others stayed put. His goal was to provide a foundation for traditional Judaism in the New World, which he sought to fulfill while serving for decades as Montreal’s first Chief Rabbi. In his speeches, sermons, and writings, Cohen considered how to merge his traditionalist eastern European values and customs with the social mores of democratic and egalitarian Canada. He found particularly vexing the multiple roles rabbis in the New World were called upon to play. In Europe, rabbis were specialized. Some were preachers, others halakhic experts. Cohen viewed the two as being in a state of perennial tension, and he had great difficulty seeing how one rabbi could function as both. Using himself as an example, Cohen’s description of his internal struggles offers a glimpse into the challenges rabbis in the immigrant Orthodox community in early twentieth century Canada had to face.

Tracing the Fur Trade

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Cromwell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Interethnic Relationships

The origins of historical archaeology in the Pacific Northwest of North America in the mid-twentieth century concentrated on the excavations of British terrestrial fur trade forts, but little synthesis and inter-site comparisons of available data has been completed. This chapter presents a comparative typological analysis of these early-nineteenth-century British and Chinese ceramic wares recovered from the Northwest Company’s Fort Okanogan (ca. 1811–1821), Fort Spokane (ca. 1810–1821), Fort George (ca. 1811–1821) and the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Fort Vancouver (ca. 1825–1860). This study helps to reveal the extent that early Victorian ideals gave precedence to the supply of British manufactured goods to these colonial outposts on the opposite side of the world and what the presence of these ceramic wares may reveal about the complex interethnic relationships and socioeconomic statuses of the occupants of these forts and the Native Americans who engaged in trade with these forts.

Three-toed browsing horse Anchitherium (Equidae) from the Miocene of Panama

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. MacFadden
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Local Fauna ◽  
Recent Addition ◽  
Current Report

During the Cenozoic, the New World tropics supported a rich biodiversity of mammals. However, because of the dense vegetative ground cover, today relatively little is known about extinct mammals from this region (MacFadden, 2006a). in an exception to this generalization, fossil vertebrates have been collected since the second half of the twentieth century from Neogene exposures along the Panama Canal. Whitmore and Stewart (1965) briefly reported on the extinct land mammals collected from the Miocene Cucaracha Formation that crops out in the Gaillard Cut along the southern reaches of the Canal. MacFadden (2006b) formally described this assemblage, referred to as the Gaillard Cut Local Fauna (L.F., e.g., Tedford et al., 2004), which consists of at least 10 species of carnivores, artiodactyls (also see recent addition of peccary in Kirby et al., 2008), perissodactyls, and as described by Slaughter (1981), rodents. Prior to the current report, the horses (Family Equidae) from the Gaillard Cut L.F. consisted of only four fragmentary specimens including: two isolated teeth, i.e., one each of Archaeohippus sp. Gidley, 1906 and Anchitherium clarencei Simpson, 1932; a heavily worn partial dentition with p2-p4 of A. clarenci; and a partial calcaneum of Archaeohippus. Although meager, these fossils appear to represent two distinct taxa of three-toed horses otherwise know from the middle Miocene of North America, i.e., the dwarf-horse Archaeohippus sp. and the larger Anchitherium clarencei.

scholarly journals Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Scientific Innovation ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Space Compression

The Introduction presents the historiographical context and main themes of the book. It situates the book within discussions surrounding the process of scientific innovation and industrialization during the Sattelzeit, the process of ‘time-space’ compression associated with the communications revolution, the role of networks of transport and communication in the creation of regional and national identities, and the emergence of a new, connected middle class during the nineteenth century. Bringing together these narratives, the Introduction introduces the book’s principal argument—that, once shorn of its normative connotations, modernization remains a useful concept to illuminate the process through which state and society were transformed during the nineteenth century, and that networks played a crucial role in producing the profoundly ambivalent experience of modernity most often associated with the turn of the twentieth century. It ends with a description of the structure of the book as a whole.

The American Divergence, the Modern Western World and the Paradigmatisation of History

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurea Mota
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
Western World ◽  
Geographical Separation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This chapter reconstructs the conceptual, rather than geographical, separation of ‘the Americas’ into a North America and a South America with distinct sociopolitical connotations. More specifically, it examines what it calls the paradigmatisation of history and the emergence of the modern Western world, along with some aspects of what was regarded as America, the ‘New World’, before and after the modern ruptures that occurred in the liminal ‘age of revolutions’. It also discusses what became known as the ‘American Revolution’ with its notions of ‘manifest destiny’ and ‘American exceptionalism’. The chapter argues that what used to be understood as the New World went through a process of divergence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and that this divergence was appropriated by instituting different significant categories by the narratives of the enlargement of the modern Western world in the twentieth century.

English, Scots and Germans compared: British and continental perspectives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Bueltmann ◽  
Donald M. MacRaild
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
New World ◽  
British Isle ◽  
Immigrant Community ◽  
The Us ◽  
German Immigrant ◽  
Second World ◽  
Migrant Groups

The English ethnic associationalism we describe in this book was not unique; indeed, it was part of a world of associations. Providing a comparative context is therefore crucial. Chapter 6 charts the evolution and purpose of those ethnic clubs and societies established in North America by other migrant groups. We focus particularly on Scots and Germans and explore the beginnings of the associational culture of these groups. The Scots were the most active in the early phase of settlement, also anchoring their associationalism in philanthropy. St Andrew’s societies, much as those of St George, had an elite dimension, but catered for a broader migrant cohort—those in distress. Similarities in the work of the two organisations even led to concrete co-operation. From the mid-nineteenth century onwards, however, the Scots developed a second and distinct tier: an ethnic associational culture at the heart of which lay sport. This contributed to a significant proliferation in Scottish ethnic associational activity—though one that was trumped, in the early twentieth century—by the Scottish mutualist branches in both the US and Canada (Order of Scottish Clans and the Sons of Scotland respectively). We also develop non-British/Irish comparators through an examination of developments in the German immigrant community in North America to establish to what extent language was a factor in immigrant adjustment to new world realities. Examining the Germans will also permit consideration of how external developments—in this case particularly the First and Second World Wars—were watersheds that united British Isle migrants, while casting out Germans and the more militant wings of the Irish.

Decadence: A Very Short Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Weir
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Contemporary Life

Decadence: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of the culture of decadence—the artistic expression of a conflicted sense of modernity—by tracing its origin in ancient Rome, development in nineteenth-century Paris and London, manifestation in early-twentieth-century Vienna and Weimar Berlin, and current resonance in contemporary life. It explores conflicting attitudes toward modernity in decadent culture by examining both aesthetic decadence—the excess of artifice—and social decadence, which involves excess in many forms, whether perversely pleasurable or gratuitously cruel. The integration of aesthetic and social decadence led some of its practitioners to substitute art for life and to stress the importance of taste over morality, a move with far-reaching cultural consequences.

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