Three-toed browsing horse Anchitherium (Equidae) from the Miocene of Panama

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. MacFadden
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Local Fauna ◽  
Recent Addition ◽  
Current Report

During the Cenozoic, the New World tropics supported a rich biodiversity of mammals. However, because of the dense vegetative ground cover, today relatively little is known about extinct mammals from this region (MacFadden, 2006a). in an exception to this generalization, fossil vertebrates have been collected since the second half of the twentieth century from Neogene exposures along the Panama Canal. Whitmore and Stewart (1965) briefly reported on the extinct land mammals collected from the Miocene Cucaracha Formation that crops out in the Gaillard Cut along the southern reaches of the Canal. MacFadden (2006b) formally described this assemblage, referred to as the Gaillard Cut Local Fauna (L.F., e.g., Tedford et al., 2004), which consists of at least 10 species of carnivores, artiodactyls (also see recent addition of peccary in Kirby et al., 2008), perissodactyls, and as described by Slaughter (1981), rodents. Prior to the current report, the horses (Family Equidae) from the Gaillard Cut L.F. consisted of only four fragmentary specimens including: two isolated teeth, i.e., one each of Archaeohippus sp. Gidley, 1906 and Anchitherium clarencei Simpson, 1932; a heavily worn partial dentition with p2-p4 of A. clarenci; and a partial calcaneum of Archaeohippus. Although meager, these fossils appear to represent two distinct taxa of three-toed horses otherwise know from the middle Miocene of North America, i.e., the dwarf-horse Archaeohippus sp. and the larger Anchitherium clarencei.

Extinct peccary “Cynorca” occidentale (Tayassuidae, Tayassuinae) from the Miocene of Panama and correlations to North America

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Macfadden ◽  
Michael X. Kirby ◽  
Aldo Rincon ◽  
Camilo Montes ◽  
Sara Moron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Local Fauna ◽  
Habitat Mosaics ◽  
Modern Ecology ◽  
Open Country ◽  
Land Mammal ◽  
Primitive Member

Recently collected specimens of the extinct tayassuine peccary “Cynorca” occidentale (and another indeterminant tayassuid) are described from new excavations along the southern reaches of the Panama Canal. Fossil peccaries were previously unknown from Panama, and these new tayassuid specimens therefore add to the extinct mammalian biodiversity in this region. “Cynorca” occidentale occurs in situ in the Centenario Fauna (new name) from both the upper part of the Culebra Formation and overlying Cucaracha Formation, thus encompassing a stratigraphic interval that includes both of these formations and the previously described and more restricted Gaillard Cut Local Fauna. “Cynorca” occidentale is a primitive member of the clade that gives rise to modern tayassuines in the New World. Diagnostic characters for “C.” occidentale include a retained primitive M1, reduced M3, and shallow mandible, and this species is small relative to most other extinct and modern tayassuine peccaries. Based on the closest biostratigraphic comparisions (Maryland, Florida, Texas, and California), the presence of “C.” occidentale indicates an interval of uncertain duration within the early Hemingfordian (He1) to early Barstovian (Ba 1) land mammal ages (early to middle Miocene) for the Centenario Fauna, between about 19 and 14.8 million years ago. Based on what is known of the modern ecology of tayassuines and previous paleoecological interpretations for Panama, “C.” occidentale likely occupied a variety of environments, ranging from forested to open country habitat mosaics and fed on the diverse array of available plants.

scholarly journals 'Maggid of Montreal': Rabbi Hirsch Cohen on the dilemmas of the Canadian rabbi

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lapidus
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
European Values

Tzvi Hirsch Cohen was one of those pioneering eastern European clergy who immigrated to North America in the early twentieth century. So many others stayed put. His goal was to provide a foundation for traditional Judaism in the New World, which he sought to fulfill while serving for decades as Montreal’s first Chief Rabbi. In his speeches, sermons, and writings, Cohen considered how to merge his traditionalist eastern European values and customs with the social mores of democratic and egalitarian Canada. He found particularly vexing the multiple roles rabbis in the New World were called upon to play. In Europe, rabbis were specialized. Some were preachers, others halakhic experts. Cohen viewed the two as being in a state of perennial tension, and he had great difficulty seeing how one rabbi could function as both. Using himself as an example, Cohen’s description of his internal struggles offers a glimpse into the challenges rabbis in the immigrant Orthodox community in early twentieth century Canada had to face.

Reformed Theology in North America

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Paul Lim ◽  
Drew Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Contemporary Life ◽  
Immigration And Settlement ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
European Immigration

The development of Reformed theology in North America is inextricably linked with the story of European immigration and settlement of the New World. Just as diverse geographic and political circumstances crucially shaped a variegated network of Reformed churches in Europe, the immigration of key groups and figures from this network brought a similar diversity of Reformed Christian thought and practice to the New World. These interrelated traditions then developed in the context of colonial settlements and ultimately hand and hand with the formation and development of national identities. In America, the experience and consequences of the Civil War and its aftermath fundamentally formed the institutional entities and cultural realities in which the Reformed tradition developed in the nineteenth century, and also set the trajectory for its shaping influences in the twentieth century, and in contemporary life as well. This background provides a key hermeneutical lens through which to see the theological conflicts between Reformed Christians who identified closely with the classical Protestant past and those who desired to drive the tradition in a direction more consistent with what they took to be its inevitable modern future. Reformed theology in North America today is thus the product of the planting of various Reformed roots in colonial soil in the midst of the transition to modernity.

The American Divergence, the Modern Western World and the Paradigmatisation of History

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurea Mota
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
Western World ◽  
Geographical Separation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This chapter reconstructs the conceptual, rather than geographical, separation of ‘the Americas’ into a North America and a South America with distinct sociopolitical connotations. More specifically, it examines what it calls the paradigmatisation of history and the emergence of the modern Western world, along with some aspects of what was regarded as America, the ‘New World’, before and after the modern ruptures that occurred in the liminal ‘age of revolutions’. It also discusses what became known as the ‘American Revolution’ with its notions of ‘manifest destiny’ and ‘American exceptionalism’. The chapter argues that what used to be understood as the New World went through a process of divergence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and that this divergence was appropriated by instituting different significant categories by the narratives of the enlargement of the modern Western world in the twentieth century.

English, Scots and Germans compared: British and continental perspectives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Bueltmann ◽  
Donald M. MacRaild
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
New World ◽  
British Isle ◽  
Immigrant Community ◽  
The Us ◽  
German Immigrant ◽  
Second World ◽  
Migrant Groups

The English ethnic associationalism we describe in this book was not unique; indeed, it was part of a world of associations. Providing a comparative context is therefore crucial. Chapter 6 charts the evolution and purpose of those ethnic clubs and societies established in North America by other migrant groups. We focus particularly on Scots and Germans and explore the beginnings of the associational culture of these groups. The Scots were the most active in the early phase of settlement, also anchoring their associationalism in philanthropy. St Andrew’s societies, much as those of St George, had an elite dimension, but catered for a broader migrant cohort—those in distress. Similarities in the work of the two organisations even led to concrete co-operation. From the mid-nineteenth century onwards, however, the Scots developed a second and distinct tier: an ethnic associational culture at the heart of which lay sport. This contributed to a significant proliferation in Scottish ethnic associational activity—though one that was trumped, in the early twentieth century—by the Scottish mutualist branches in both the US and Canada (Order of Scottish Clans and the Sons of Scotland respectively). We also develop non-British/Irish comparators through an examination of developments in the German immigrant community in North America to establish to what extent language was a factor in immigrant adjustment to new world realities. Examining the Germans will also permit consideration of how external developments—in this case particularly the First and Second World Wars—were watersheds that united British Isle migrants, while casting out Germans and the more militant wings of the Irish.

An Early Condor-Like Vulture from North America

The Auk ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Emslie
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
North America ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
New World ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Large Body ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Large Body Size ◽  
Near Extinction

Abstract A new genus and species of condor-like vulture (Ciconiiformes: Vulturidae) is described from the middle Miocene (Barstovian) of North America and is the earliest condor now known in the New World. The fossil record at present indicates that the Vulturidae originated in the Old World, but diversified in the New World. Large body size in vultures developed in North America at least 4 million years (Ma) earlier than thought previously, and the condors probably evolved in North America. Condors were most diverse in the late Pleistocene but are now near extinction.

Miocene rhinoceroses from the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain

1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Prothero ◽  
Earl M. Manning
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Gulf Coastal Plain ◽  
Local Fauna ◽  
Southeast Texas ◽  
A New Species

Four species of rhinoceros occur together in the Barstovian (middle Miocene) faunas of southeast Texas, a unique situation in the Miocene of North America. Two are assigned to normal contemporary High Plains species of Aphelops and Teleoceras, and two to dwarf species of Peraceras and Teleoceras. The dwarf Peraceras is a new species, P. hessei. The dwarf Teleoceras is assigned to Leidy's (1865) species “Rhinoceros” meridianus, previously referred to Aphelops. “Aphelops” profectus is here reassigned to Peraceras.The late Arikareean (early Miocene) Derrick Farm rhino, erroneously referred to “Caenopus premitis” by Wood and Wood (1937), is here referred to Menoceras arikarense. Menoceras barbouri is reported from the early Hemingfordian (early Miocene) Garvin Gully local fauna of southeast Texas. The rhinos from the early Clarendonian Lapara Creek Fauna are tentatively referred to Teleoceras cf. major.The three common genera of middle late Miocene rhinoceroses of North America (Aphelops, Peraceras, Teleoceras) are rediagnosed. Aphelops and Peraceras are more closely related to the Eurasian Aceratherium and Chilotherium (all four together forming the Aceratheriinae) than they are to the American Teleoceras. Contrary to Heissig (1973), Teleoceras is more closely related to the living rhinoceroses and their kin (together forming the Rhinocerotini) than it is to the Aceratheriinae.

Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Presbyterianism in North America

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-71
Author(s):  
Sean Michael Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Old World ◽  
Theological Debate ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Trying to account for the growth of Presbyterianism in North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is not simply a matter of demographics. Rather, Presbyterianism’s expansion was the result of a developing sense of identity, centering on robust theological debate as shaped by the process of Americanization. Starting in the eighteenth century, this New World faith drew from Old World precedents and personalities, but transformed them in the new North American context. Not every Presbyterian participated in this mainstream development; African Americans, Scots Covenanters, and Canadians all found themselves to be outsiders to this developing American faith. These outsiders actually highlight the larger trend: Presbyterians more than any other denominational tradition would become a “church with the soul of the nation.” This commitment, and perhaps captivity, to American culture accounts for Presbyterian success during this period, but it would also set the stage for the fierce battles over Presbyterian identity in the twentieth century and beyond.

scholarly journals Gomphothere proboscidean (Gomphotherium) from the late Neogene of Panama

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. MacFadden ◽  
Gary S. Morgan ◽  
Douglas S. Jones ◽  
Aldo F. Rincon
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
New World ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Early Pliocene ◽  
Late Neogene

AbstractThe proboscidean Gomphotherium is reported here from the Alajuela Formation of Panama. Gomphotherium was widespread throughout Holarctica during the Miocene, and the Panama fossil represents the extreme southernmost occurrence of this genus in the New World. Allocation of the Panama Gomphotherium to a valid species is impossible given both the fragmentary material represented and the taxonomic complexity of species assigned to this genus. In North America, Gomphotherium has a relatively long biochronological range from the middle Miocene (~15 Ma) to early Pliocene (~5 Ma). Based on morphological comparisons, the Panama Gomphotherium is either middle Miocene, thus representing the earliest-known entry of this genus into Central America, or late Miocene/early Pliocene, which challenges the currently accepted middle Miocene age of the Alajuela Formation as it has been previously reported from Panama.

From Lancaster County to Lowville

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Johnson-Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
Local School ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Old Order Amish ◽  
Lancaster County ◽  
Old Order ◽  
State And Local ◽  
New Settlements

This chapter traces the arrival of four Old Order Amish families from the Path Valley in Pennsylvania to Lowville in Lewis County. More progressive than Swartzentruber and less progressive than Clymer-area Amish, the Amish in Lowville brought to New York's North Country traditions that have their origins in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the oldest Amish settlement in North America. Descendants of the first Amish to make their homes in the New World, the Lowville settlers left Lancaster County to escape conflict with state and local authorities over their children's education. For the first half of the twentieth century, the Amish struggled with local school boards in several states, and these conflicts have historically been one of the major forces driving the Amish to establish new settlements.

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