Successes and Failures of Industrial Policy in Transition Economies of Europe and Asia
This chapter discusses the achievements and failures of various models of industrial policy in post-communist countries. If industrial policy is needed, how are industries that have to be supported to be selected? What are the appropriate tools/instruments to support particular industries? Eastern European countries in general did not have any explicit industrial policy, either via tax concessions and/or subsidies, or via under/overpricing the exchange rate. Many countries of the former Soviet Union carried out large import-substitution programmes through the regulation of domestic fuel and energy prices (directly and via export tax) that subsidized all energy consumers. They also provided subsidies to agricultural enterprises. China and Vietnam (and to some extent Uzbekistan) carried out export-oriented industrial policy mostly by underpricing the exchange rate. It is argued that export-oriented industrial policy via undervaluation of the exchange rate is the best possible option to promote export-oriented catch-up development based on the export of manufactured goods. It is especially needed for resource-rich countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) that are prone to ‘Dutch disease’. Assistance to domestic producers by keeping domestic prices for fuel and energy low also helps to stimulate growth, but at the cost of very high energy intensity.