The Impact of Provincial Forest Subsidies on Deforestation in Indonesia

This study investigates the impact of the forest subsidy on deforested area. Panel data used to examine whether the forest subsidy and the logging tariff policy can curb the deforested area in the province from 2009 to 2019. Pooled OLS was the suitable model to estimate the relationship. The study found unexpected result that the increase in forest subsidy increased the deforested area in a province. Whereas the increase in industry-manufacturing sector worker reduced the deforested area. Another unpredictable result was the logging tariff, which is expected to reduce deforested areas, did not affect the deforested area in a province.

Tariffs for the maintenance of public property in the area of cottage development: economic and legal aspects and the purpose of forensic expertise

The article describes the specifics of the tariff policy and pricing for the services of the organization managing the cottage settlement for the maintenance of public property. The possibility of applying the analogy with the management of an apartment building is proved, an adapted model of setting tariffs and prices for services for the maintenance of public property in the area of cottage development is presented.

Current models in the field of agricultural crops insurance

Agricultural production is an important and at the same time the most risky type of economic activity. Its reproductive process is associated with natural and climatic, biological and financial factors, the action of which in many cases is difficult to forgive and control. Crop production is particularly affected by cumulative natural risks. One of the ways to minimize agricultural risks is to use crop insurance as an important means of ensuring the riskiness of agricultural production from probable natural and weather factors. The pricing mechanism for crop insurance services is substantiated, based on the improvement of the insurer’s tariff policy when conducting crop insurance, which is implemented through a system of actuarial calculations and taking into account the peculiarities of insurance in the process of crop production. The possibility for insurance companies to carry out high-quality selection of agricultural risks, stimulating agricultural producers to insure, is analyzed. Actuarial balance has been studied as a necessary condition for improving the tariff policy of crop insurance, which should be based on such principles as: equivalence of insurance relations; admissibility; stability of insurance rates over a long period of time and expansion of insurance liability. The calculation of insurance rates has been improved by taking into account the availability of prices for insurance services, depending on the number of possible risks transferred to insurance and the amount of financial resources accumulated by the insurer, which should be sufficient to reimburse crops under crop insurance contracts. Actuarial balance is identified as a necessary condition for improving the tariff policy of crop insurance. The principles of insurance tariff policy to improve the calculation of insurance rates and the application of actuarial models in the field of crop insurance. Key words: tariff policy, insurance tariff, actuary, actuarial mathematics, actuarial model of agricultural insurance.

Optimal tariffs in a two-country R&D-based growth model

This paper examines the effect of a tariff on long-run growth and welfare in a two-country innovation-led growth model. We show that although raising the home country’s tariff reduces the growth and GDP of the foreign country, it will backfire by depressing R&D and growth of the home country. The Nash equilibrium tariffs can be positive, and they are larger when the government expenditure is more beneficial to private production and/or when the productivity of innovation is higher. The presence of positive Nash equilibrium tariffs provides a theoretical explanation for why countries have incentives to implement a tariff policy regardless of its negative effect on growth. Finally, the Nash equilibrium tariffs are higher than the globally optimal tariffs, that is, the levels that maximize the joint welfare of both countries.

Tariff policy offers on the line of magnetic levitation transport

Background: It is proposed to use maglev transport as the basis for the development of the transport system of urban agglomerations. Its operation requires a special high-speed infrastructure, new rolling stock. The project for the construction and operation of the maglev transport line (MLT) St. Petersburg Sertolovo has an extremely long-term nature, significantly affects the development of urban high-speed transport, and therefore its implementation is possible only within the framework of strategic management of the development of urban transport systems. Aim: Commissioning of maglev transport lines in places of concentration of growing passenger traffic, which will help to reduce travel time, meet freight needs, improve the quality and increase travel safety when driving on dedicated lanes. Method: The article has developed proposals for the tariff policy on the maglev transport lines. Also, a forecast of passenger traffic on the MLT line was given, taking into account the recommended tariffs for collecting tolls, and the potential income of the project on the MLT line was determined. Results: The purpose of the introduction of this MLT line is to improve transport services and reduce the time spent on trips for the population of the city of Sertolovo by providing high-speed communications, improving the technical level of rolling stock and MLT stops, which significantly affects the comfort of passenger movement.