The Origins of Technological Catch-up in China

Chapter 2 examines the growth of technological capabilities in the telecommunications industry in China, with a focus on Huawei and ZTE. These companies grew rapidly by localizing the production of fixed-line telephone switches, which were earlier imported or produced by foreign joint venture (JV) companies. While the market used to be completely dominated by foreign products in the 1980s, four locally owned companies caught up with the foreign companies in market shares and became absolute leaders by the end of the 1990s. The catch-up can be explained by three factors, namely, (1) the famous Chinese strategy of technology transfer called “trading market for technology,” (2) the knowledge diffusion from the first foreign JV, Shanghai Bell, to the local R&D consortium and then to other locally owned companies including Huawei, and (3) the government’s explicit promotion measures.

Ethnomathematics: Modelling the volume of solid of revolution at Buginese and Makassarese traditional foods

Ethnomathematics can empirically improve the cognitive abilities of students in elementary and secondary schools. However, in undergraduate study, there are still limited studies on integrating ethnomathematics in learning resources. This study aims to apply interpolation in modelling polynomial functions and integral volume on the shape of Buginese and Makassarese traditional foods. Furthermore, it can be used by students as relevant learning resources regarding interpolation and the concept of volume of solid of revolution (VOSR). This is a qualitative study using an ethnographic approach. The data were collected through observations to obtain general information, interviews with informants to find out food-making techniques, and documentation to obtain physical models of each type of food. Data Analysis Techniques consist of the domain analysis to obtain an overview of Buginese and Makassarese traditional foods and the taxonomic analysis to categorize mathematical concepts obtained from the modeling and simulation. The result of this research reveals that lammang is suitable with the slabs. It can be represented as constant functions that revolved around the x-axis or the y-axis. While paso, bolu cukke, and cantik manis as well as barongko batara, Putu, and cucuru can be outlined in linear functions rotating about the x-axis, y-axis, or others fixed-line. They meet the criteria of the disks method. However, they are described in the function of polynomials of n-degree. The use of washers can be described in the model of blundered and sarang semut with a hole in the middle caused by the intersection of two curves rotated about the x-axis or the y-axis. For shells, the model can be applied to determine the cover volume of the cover of pisang ijo flour and onde-onde. Thus, all types of traditional foods in this study can be appropriate objects for a learning resource in modelling the VOSR.

Do Information And Communications Technology (ICT) And Financial Development Contribute To Economic Diversification? Evidence From Sub-Saharan Africa

This study based on a panel of 37 Sub-Saharan Africa countries over the period of 2000 -2018 explores the effect of a number of ICT variables namely Fixed broad band, fixed line telephone, ICT imports, internet, mobile, and secure internet servers, and financial development measured by private sector domestic credit to GDP on economic diversification as measured by a computed Herfindahl Hirschman Index of Economic diversification. All data except rule of law were sourced from World Bank World Development Indicators, while rule of law was sourced from World Bank World Governance indicators. Model estimation was performed using pooled ordinary least squares regression, panel data fixed effects regression, and Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regression. The results from findings indicated that the ICT variables, fixed line telephone, and ICT imports significantly reduced economic diversification, while internet use and mobile use were insignificant for boosting economic diversification, and fixed broadband and secure internet servers were insignificant in adversely affecting economic diversification. As regards financial development, it was insignificant in boosting economic diversification of SSA countries. The study recommended amongst others that Individuals in SSA countries should have improved access to ICT devices and governments’ should ensure adequate provision of quality ICT infrastructureJEL classification: C23, G10, G21, O11, O33, O55

التحوّل الدلاليّ في الكلمات العربيّة المقترضة في اللغة الملايويّة: أشكال وأسباب

The coming of Islam to Malaysia has recorded a human civilization in various areas, including loanword. However, this loanword was not going on one fixed line, as the reality of the Malay Language is subjected to phonetic and morphology changes as well as semantics to satisfy the needs of Malaysians in their personal and social lives. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the forms of semantic change of Arabic loan words in the Malay language, by relying on the descriptive-analytical, historical, and contrastive approach. The results of the study revealed the semantic change in Arabic loan words in the Malay language found in five forms: hyperbole, meiosis, widening, narrowing, and metaphor/metonymy. The factors leading to these semantic shifts can be attributed to the emergence of the urgent need for a new word or a word better than others to express the intended meaning and keep pace with social and cultural development, semantic deviation, customs and traditions practised by Malaysian people. الكلمات العربية المقترضة في اللغة الملايوية لم تكن تسير على مسار واحد جامد، بل يشهد واقع اللّسان الملايويّ أنَّه يتعرّض حين التواصل والتداول لكثير من التحوّلات الصوتيّة والصرفيّة والدلاليّة. ولذا، فإنَّ البحث يسعى إلى الكشف عن أشكال التحول الدلاليّ في الكلمات العربيّة المقترضة في اللغة الملايويّة، بالاعتماد على المنهج الوصفيّ التحليليّ التاريخيّ التقابليّ. وأظهرت نتائج البحث أنّ بعض الكلمات المقترضة هذه ارتقت دلالتها من الدلالة الوضيعة نسبيًّا نحو كلمة (مَفْتُوحَة) التي كانت بالعربية الاجتماعيّة تطلق على الفتاة التي فقدت بكرها قبل زواجها، ثم تحوّلت دلالياً إيجابياً في الملايوية إلى اسم الفتاة التي يفتح الله عليها أبواب العلم. وبعضها الآخر حدث فيها انحطاط الدلالة. ثم توسَّعت دلالة الكلمة من معناها الخاص إلى معنى عام ككلمة (دَيُّوث) التي تفيد كل عمل رذيل. ثم تخصّصت الدلالة من العام إلى الخاص ككلمة (جمهور) المختصة بجماعة العلماء المسلمين، ثم انتقلت الكلمة من دلالتها القديمة إلى دلالات أخرى جديدة سواء أكانت ما بينهما علاقة مشابهة، أم غير مشابهة. ويمكن عزو العوامل في هذه التحوّلات الدلاليّة إلى ظهور الحاجة الملحّة إلى كلمة جديدة أقدر من غيرها على التعبير عن المقصود، ثم مواكبة التطوُّر الاجتماعيّ والثقافيّ، والانحراف الدلاليّ، وكذلك العادات والتقاليد الماليزية.

ABOUT THE DEVICES CONNECTING LEVEL WELLS OF FIXED CANAL AS «FIXED LINE» WITH TRAPEZOIDAL CANALS

The article is devoted to a sensitive and poorly studied element of a “Fixed Line” as watermeasuring structure - a tube connecting level-gauge wells with watercourses in which water resources are counted. It is shown how these tubes are placed in the walls of the canals in their vertical planes and if they are incorrectly placed - how this can affect the accuracy of the measured water flow rates.

Telecommunication line infrastructure and the Arctic environment: past, present and future

This article concentrates on the interconnected past, present and future of telecommunications and the environment in the Arctic. It brings together discussions on the natural environment, sustainable development and connectivity in and through the Arctic and focuses on fixed-line infrastructure. This study builds on the theoretical literature on infrastructure, infrastructuring and pipeline ecologies and demonstrates how the peculiar features of the Arctic, such as coldness, snow and ice, ground frost and permafrost affect telecommunication lines, and how this infrastructure impacts the environment in which it is built. Similarly, the environmental conditions, paired with long distances, small populations and limited economic opportunities, affect the infrastructuring processes and the selection of technologies, as well as their spatial extent, quality and the speed of their expansion. While the construction of telecommunication lines supports the exploitation of natural resources in and beyond the different parts of the circumpolar North, it also plays a role in the observation and protection of the Arctic.

TINGKAT PENGELOLAAN IKAN TEMBANG (Sardinella gibbosa) YANG TERTANGKAP DENGAN BAGAN TANCAP DI KABUPATEN PANGKEP

The success of fishing depends on sufficient knowledge of the overall behavior of the fish, which is the basis for the development of existing methods. Utilization of Fishery Potential Activities in Pangkep Regency waters still depends a lot on simple fish catching technology. One of the factors for the success of catching fish with a chart is light. Light is a tool to help collect fish to the fishing area. Toli-toli village, Tekkolabua sub-district, Pangkep district is geographically located between 04º79'07.71 "- 4º79'14.35" LS and 119º43'75.13 "- 119º44'02.01" East Longitude (Figure 4). The administrative area is included in the North Liukang Tupabbiring District, Pangkep Regency. The production of tembang fish (S. gibbosa) caught with fixed-line fishing gear occurred in 2012 as much as 927.70 tons and the lowest was in 2009 as many as 50.30 tons. The level of utilization (TP) and level of cultivation (TPu) of fixed-line fisheries in Pangkep waters according to the Schaefer model for 8 years has exceeded the allowable utilization rate (JTB), namely in 2011, 2012, 2013, and in 2008, 2009 , 2010, 2014 and 2017 are still in an underexploited condition. Based on the analysis of the sustainable potential of tembang fish using the Schaefer model, the allowable amount of tembang fish catch (JTB) is 80% of the MSY value, it is recommended that the number of fish catches allowed in Pangkep Regency is 409.36 tons with a maximum number of fishing effort units of 26 units / year.

On the Affine Image of a Rational Surface of Revolution

We study the properties of the image of a rational surface of revolution under a nonsingular affine mapping. We prove that this image has a notable property, namely that all the affine normal lines, a concept that appears in the context of affine differential geometry, created by Blaschke in the first decades of the 20th century, intersect a fixed line. Given a rational surface with this property, which can be algorithmically checked, we provide an algorithmic method to find a surface of revolution, if it exists, whose image under an affine mapping is the given surface; the algorithm also finds the affine transformation mapping one surface onto the other. Finally, we also prove that the only rational affine surfaces of rotation, a generalization of surfaces of revolution that arises in the context of affine differential geometry, and which includes surfaces of revolution as a subtype, affinely transforming into a surface of revolution are the surfaces of revolution, and that in that case the affine mapping must be a similarity.

Huawei’s Domestic Accumulation

This chapter first provides an overview of China’s ICT developmental trajectory. The transition from self-sufficient industrial development in the Mao era to export-oriented, FDI-dependent industrialization in the post-Mao reform is examined to reveal the structural context that shaped Huawei’s development. This chapter then historicizes Huawei’s three crucial stages of domestic accumulation: (1) the initial stage of capital accumulation in the fixed-line sector from the 1980s to the mid-1990s, (2) the “struggling” developmental stage in the domestic mobile telecom market from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, and (3) the stage of strategic reorientation since the mid-2000s.