Enterprises and Industrial Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-177
Author(s):  
Simon Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Theory Of The Firm ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Firm Strategies ◽  
Recent Developments

This chapter considers the central role of firm strategies in industrial policy. It focuses, in particular, on large firms which can make investments to realize economies of scale and scope, coordinate clusters of suppliers, and build capabilities. The main schools of thought addressing the theory of the firm and the development of productive capabilities are reviewed, especially with reference to the resource-based theory of the firm. Large firms generally have economic power and considerable political influence and, as such, a critical aspect is firms as agents in political settlements and the implications for industrial development. Substantive sections then cover the following key areas: market power, competition, and enterprise strategies; the internationalization of production and global value chains; and recent developments regarding digital platforms and the implications for industrial policy.

The Changing Role of the State in High-Tech Industrial Development: The Experience of Hong Kong

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G-O Yeh ◽  
M K Ng
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Active Role ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Government

This paper is an examination of the role of the Hong Kong government vis-à-vis governments in Japan and other Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs) in high-tech industrial development. It is argued that, whereas governments of Japan and other Asian NIEs have played very important roles in facilitating industrial restructuring, the Hong Kong government has so far refrained from direct participation in industrial development. Although the Hong Kong government has assumed an important position in the course of economic development in the territory, especially in terms of land-related economic activities, it has little vested interest and experience in directing industrial developments. It was not until the 1990s that the government switched from a ‘positive nonintervention’ to a ‘minimum intervention with maximum support’ industrial policy and began to play a more active role in facilitating industrial upgrading. The effectiveness of the changing industrial policy and the prospects for high-tech development in the territory are reviewed by examining the challenges and opportunities faced by the Hong Kong government in facilitating high-tech industrial development.

scholarly journals Changing The Landscape Of The Retail Industry In The United States And Wal-Mart Phenomenon: A Brief Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Mirmirani
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Retail Industry ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Recent Developments

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This paper provides a quick review of the significant changes that have occurred in the retail industry in the United States. Of particular concern, are the more recent developments that occurred due to technological advances, i.e. E-commerce, and rapid growth in Wal-Mart&rsquo;s operations. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>It is noted that the industry has transitioned from a more competitive environment to an oligopolistic structure in which a few large firms dominate their respective market. The role of Wal-Mart is evaluated and its impact on the economy, in general, and in the retail industry, in particular, is elaborated upon.</span></span></p>

Firms versus corporations: a rebuttal of Simon Deakin, David Gindis, and Geoffrey M. Hodgson

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Robé
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Theory Of The Firm ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Specific Concept ◽  
And Control

Abstract I share the view expressed by Simon Deakin, David Gindis, and Geoffrey Hodgson (‘DGH’) that social scientists need to consider the constitutive role of law in their disciplines. This is particularly the case for economists working on the theory of the firm and on institutions more generally. Their analyses are often built on assumptions about the legal system which do not correspond to reality. One major issue is the generalized confusion between the concepts of ‘corporation’ and ‘firm’. In day-to-day parlance, the two words are synonyms. But, when the constitutive role of law is considered, the word corporation corresponds to a specific legal device which should be clearly differentiated from a less-specific concept which can be called a ‘firm’ or an ‘enterprise’. The notion of firm usually corresponds to the economic organization of various resources via contracts to produce goods or services. The corporation is a legal institution with peculiar characteristics, including a potentially eternal legal personality, an asset partitioning effect, and several layers of separations of ownership and control. Corporations are often used to legally structure large firms because they are very efficient legal devices to concentrate capital. But, firms are practically and conceptually different from the corporation(s) used to structure them. DGH consider that the understanding of what a firm is should not go against general, day-to-day understanding. In their view, although not all firms are corporations, all corporations are firms. I disagree. Only by clearly explaining that corporations are not firms can lawyers help social scientists consider the constitutive role of the law of corporations in the structuring of our present-day economy.

Structural Transformation, Old and New Industrial Policies, and Implications for Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 648-675
Author(s):  
Jesus Felipe
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Economic Thinking

This chapter discusses changes in economic thinking, particularly since the 1970s, with a focus on the role of structural transformation and industrial policy. The chapter argues that structural transformation is the essence of economic and industrial development, but with markets not providing enough incentives to encourage structural transformation (due to the existence of market failures ), industrial policy is necessary to induce changes in a country’s economic structure. Changes in economic thinking have led to different perspectives on industrial policy, as have developments such as the arrival of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which forced developing countries to rethink how to use industrial policy (as a result of banning certain subsidies aimed at protecting the domestic market). In the final section of the chapter the new characteristics of industrial policy are discussed. Examples from East and South Asia, Latin America, the United States, and the European Union are analysed.

scholarly journals Financing Industrial Development in Korea and Implications For Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 548-570
Author(s):  
Keun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Digital Tv ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Capability Building ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

This chapter examines the implications of Korea’s industrial policy and financing for African economies that are trying to build their industrial bases. It considers industrial policy as essentially building the capabilities of private firms to sustain long-term economic growth and looks at the role of the government or industrial policy in this process of capability building. The chapter first provides an overview of the financial systems and industrial policy in Korea, focusing on the nature of financial control by the government and the roles and evolution of key development banks such as the Korea Development Bank. It then discusses three episodes of industrial policy and financing in these cases involving POSCO, targeted development of bottleneck technologies for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and leapfrogging into digital TV since the mid-1990s. Finally, it assesses the significance of the Korean experience for Africa, especially with regards to export manufacturing and resource-based development.

How do histone modifications contribute to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in C. elegans?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Woodhouse ◽  
Alyson Ashe
Keyword(s):  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Histone Methyltransferases ◽  
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Gene Regulatory

Gene regulatory information can be inherited between generations in a phenomenon termed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI). While examples of TEI in many animals accumulate, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven particularly useful in investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon. In C. elegans and other animals, the modification of histone proteins has emerged as a potential carrier and effector of transgenerational epigenetic information. In this review, we explore the contribution of histone modifications to TEI in C. elegans. We describe the role of repressive histone marks, histone methyltransferases, and associated chromatin factors in heritable gene silencing, and discuss recent developments and unanswered questions in how these factors integrate with other known TEI mechanisms. We also review the transgenerational effects of the manipulation of histone modifications on germline health and longevity.

On the strategy for industrial development of Russia

2017 ◽  
pp. 45-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Osmakov ◽  
A. Kalinin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Territorial Planning

The article considers the problems of industrial policy and, accordingly, the industrial development strategy from the standpoint of the challenges facing the industry, the conditions for the adoption of strategic decisions and possible answers - the key directions of state activities. The main principles and directions are analyzed: investment, foreign trade, technological policies, certain aspects of territorial planning, state corporate and social policies. Proposals on the prospective goal-setting and possible results of industrial policy have been formulated.

Wilfred Ethier. Modern International Economics. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 1983. xviii + 588 pp.

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-83
Author(s):  
Nadeem A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
International Economics ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
International Markets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Recent Developments

Its been long recognized that various economies of the world are interlinked through international trade. The experience of the past several years, however, has demonstrated that this economic interdependence is far greater than was previously realized. In this context, the importance of international economic theory as an area distinct from general economics hardly needs any mentioning. What gives international economic theory this distinction is international markets for some goods and effects of national sovereignty on the character of economic activity. Wilfred Ethier's book, which incorporates recent developments in the field, is an excellent addition to textbooks on international economics for one- or twosemester undergraduate courses. The book mostly covers standard topics. A distinguishing feature of this book is its detailed analysis of the flexible exchange rates and a discussion of the various approaches used for their determination. Within each chapter, the author has extensively used facts, figures and major events to clarify the concepts in the light of the theoretical framework. The book also discusses, in a fair amount of detail, the existing international monetary system and the role of various international organizations.

Füchsische Poetologie. Zur Spiegelfiktion im Reynke de Vos (1498)

POETICA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 193-218
Author(s):  
Hannah Rieger
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Ancient Rhetoric ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Middle Low German ◽  
Specific Material

Abstract The Middle Low German Beast Epic Reynke de Vos (1498) is about two legal proceedings against the fox Reynke, who is charged by the other animals with the tricks he played on them. When he is sentenced to death, Reynke defends himself by delivering speeches that are constructed as described in ancient rhetoric. Part of those speeches is Reynke’s lie about his treasure, which he would give to the lion if he pardoned him. Reynke describes three pieces of jewellery as part of this made-up possession, one of which is a mirror. When Reynke describes it, he also tells Aesopic fables that are carved into its wooden frame. His fictional artefact, especially the interplay of its specific material and the content of the fables told, has a poetological level. In his description, Reynke hybridizes the political discourse of the early modern period, in which the virtue of prudentia becomes more and more important, with the rhetorical competence to deliver speeches and tell fables. In his fiction of the mirror he draws up a poetological draft that combines the role of a rhetor in court with his well-known properties of being clever and cunning. By describing the artefact, Reynke shows how to use rhetorical strategies, especially to tell fables, as an instrument to gain acceptance and to acquire political influence.

The Role of Financial Innovation in EU Market Integration and the Capital Markets Union

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilios Avgouleas
Keyword(s):  
Capital Markets ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Financial Innovation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Capital Markets Union ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
The Eu

This chapter offers a critical overview of the issues that the European Union 27 (EU-27) will face in the context of making proper use of financial innovation to further market integration and risk sharing in the internal financial market, both key objectives of the drive to build a Capital Markets Union. Among these is the paradigm shift signalled by a technological revolution in the realm of finance and payments, which combines advanced data analytics and cloud computing (so-called FinTech). The chapter begins with a critical analysis of financial innovation and FinTech. It then traces the EU market integration efforts and explains the restrictive path of recent developments. It considers FinTech's potential to aid EU market integration and debates the merits of regulation dealing with financial innovation in the context of building a capital markets union in EU-27.

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