Implications of human nasal clearance studies for the interpretation of nose blow and bioassay sample measurements

1. Acute chloride depletion, without sodium depletion, was produced in rats by a single exchange peritoneal dialysis against sodium bicarbonate solution. Blood volume was restored after dialysis by infusion of salt-free albumin, and exogenous deoxycorticosterone and antidiuretic hormone were given. 2. Clearance studies in the period (3 h) after dialysis revealed no difference in the glomerular filtration rate or in the filtered sodium load between experimental and control rats but urinary sodium concentrations and absolute and fractional sodium excretion were significantly higher in the chloride-depleted group. 3. There was also a significant kaliuresis, increased urinary flow rate and diminished free water reabsorption. Urinary bicarbonate excretion increased to a variable degree but the major rise in anion excretion was ‘unmeasured’ (Na+ + K+ — [Cl− +HCO3− +PO43-]). 4. It is postulated that chloride depletion imposes limitations on sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

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Drug effects on in vivo nasal clearance in rats

International Journal of Pharmaceutics ◽

10.1016/0378-5173(94)00274-9 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 77-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Maureen D. Donovan ◽

Mengping Zhou

Keyword(s):

Drug Effects ◽

Nasal Clearance

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Renal amino acid transport: cellular and molecular events from clearance studies to frog eggs

Pediatric Nephrology ◽

10.1007/bf00852553 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 574-584 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Russell W. Chesney ◽

Deborah Jones ◽

Israel Zelikovic

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Transport ◽

Acid Transport ◽

Molecular Events ◽

Clearance Studies

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Clearance Studies in Normal and Nephrocalcinotic Rats on Nifedipine

Urolithiasis ◽

10.1007/978-1-4899-0873-5_124 ◽

1989 ◽

pp. 401-401

Author(s):

W. L. Strohmaier ◽

K.-H. Bichler ◽

B. Witte ◽

D. M. Wilbert

Keyword(s):

Clearance Studies

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Role of KCNE1-Dependent K+ Fluxes in Mouse Proximal Tubule

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ◽

10.1681/asn.v12102003 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2003-2011

Author(s):

VOLKER VALLON ◽

FLORIAN GRAHAMMER ◽

KERSTIN RICHTER ◽

MARKUS BLEICH ◽

FLORIAN LANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Proximal Tubule ◽

Coupled Transport ◽

Wild Type ◽

Electrochemical Gradient ◽

Volume Depletion ◽

Luminal Membrane ◽

Clearance Studies ◽

Electrophysiological Studies ◽

Kidney Micropuncture

Abstract. The electrochemical gradient for K+ across the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule favors K+ fluxes to the lumen. Here it was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry that KCNE1 and KCNQ1, which form together the slowly activated component of the delayed rectifying K+ current in the heart, also colocalize in the luminal membrane of proximal tubule in mouse kidney. Micropuncture experiments revealed a reduced K+ concentration in late proximal and early distal tubular fluid as well as a reduced K+ delivery to these sites in KCNE1 knockout (-/-), compared with wild-type (+/+) mice. These observations would be consistent with KCNE1-dependent K+ fluxes to the lumen in proximal tubule. Electrophysiological studies in isolated perfused proximal tubules indicated that this K+ flux is essential to counteract membrane depolarization due to electrogenic Na+-coupled transport of glucose or amino acids. Clearance studies revealed an enhanced fractional urinary excretion of fluid, Na+, Cl-, and glucose in KCNE1 -/- compared with KCNE1 +/+ mice that may relate to an attenuated transport in proximal tubule and contribute to volume depletion in these mice, as indicated by higher hematocrit values.

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RENAL CLEARANCE STUDIES WITH INULIN AND PARA-AMINO HIPPURIC ACID IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-197704000-01115 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 556-556

Author(s):

H Josephine Rose ◽

Abraham Jelin ◽

Daniel B Caplan ◽

Albert W Pruitt

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Renal Clearance ◽

Hippuric Acid ◽

Clearance Studies

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Gender, degree of obesity, and discrepancy between urea and creatinine clearance in peritoneal dialysis.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ◽

10.1681/asn.v93497 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 497-499

Author(s):

A H Tzamaloukas ◽

D Malhotra ◽

G H Murata

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Creatinine Clearance ◽

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Ideal Weight ◽

Clearance Studies ◽

Obese Subjects ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Linear Manner ◽

One Way Anova

The effect of gender and degree of obesity on the size indicators V, used to normalize urea clearance (Kt/Vur), and body surface area (BSA), used to normalize creatinine clearance (Ccr), in peritoneal dialysis was studied by: (1) mathematical comparison of the formulae used to estimate V (Watson and Hume) with the Dubois formula used to estimate BSA in peritoneal dialysis; and (2) comparison of percent deviation of BSA (delta BSA%) and V (delta V%) from ideal weight estimates in 933 clearance studies performed in actual patients (555 in men and 378 in women on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis). V was estimated by the Watson formulae and BSA by the Dubois formula in these studies. delta BSA% and delta V% were stratified in 10% increments in deviation of body weight from ideal (delta W%) in these studies. Mathematically, the relationship between V and BSA is not linear. In the same subject, as obesity develops (delta W% increases) and BSA increases in a linear manner, V increases exponentially. In addition, there are substantial differences in the relationship between V and BSA caused by gender. For the same height and BSA, men have a larger V than women. In the clearance studies performed in actual continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients, the difference between delta V% and delta BSA% increased significantly (P < 0.0001) from the wasted to the obese subjects by one-way ANOVA in both men and women. Normalization of urea and creatinine clearances by different size indicators creates two types of mathematical distortion in the relationship between the two clearances. One distortion is caused by the degree of obesity. The second distortion is caused by gender. Use of the same size indicator to normalize both urea and creatinine clearances would eliminate these distortions.

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Organic cation secretion by Cancer borealis urinary bladder

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.1.r153 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 252 (1) ◽

pp. R153-R159 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. S. Miller ◽

C. W. Holliday

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Urinary Bladder ◽

Secretory Pathway ◽

Organic Cation ◽

Homarus Americanus ◽

Cancer Borealis ◽

Cancer Irroratus ◽

Clearance Studies ◽

Secretory Transport ◽

Initial Clearance

In the crab, Cancer borealis, initial clearance studies showed a potent renal excretory system for the model organic cation, tetraethylammonium (TEA). TEA clearance averaged 145 +/- 32 ml/day, which was 18 times the paired polyethylene glycol clearance. TEA uptake by slices of urinary bladder was concentrative, saturable, inhibitable by N1-methylnicotinamide chloride, and dependent on glycolytic, but not oxidative, metabolism. When mounted in flux chambers, bladders exhibited a large net secretory flux. For 0.1 mM TEA, the ratio of secretory to reabsorptive fluxes was 65. Urinary bladders from another crab, Cancer irroratus, and a lobster, Homarus americanus, also exhibited net TEA secretion. In C. borealis bladder, secretory transport was concentrative, saturable, and nearly abolished by addition of 1 mM quinine to the serosal bath. Reabsorptive transport was not concentrative and was not reduced by luminal quinine. The data are consistent with a secretory pathway that is transcellular and mediated by carriers at both the serosal and luminal membranes.

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Glucose and bicarbonate reabsorption in edematous dogs

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.3.749 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 231 (3) ◽

pp. 749-753 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

JA Arruda ◽

C Westenfelder ◽

R Lockwood ◽

NA Kurtzman

Keyword(s):

Sodium Excretion ◽

Volume Expansion ◽

Filtration Rate ◽

Renal Plasma Flow ◽

Sodium Retention ◽

Aortocaval Fistula ◽

Bicarbonate Reabsorption ◽

Glucose Reabsorption ◽

Clearance Studies ◽

Expansion Volume

Glucose and bicarbonate reabsorption were studied in dogs made edematour by aortocaval fistula (A-V dogs) and in sham-operated dogs. Following construction of the A-V fistula, there was a significant increase in body weight; glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, hematocrit, and sodium excretion decreased significantly. Bicarbonate reabosorption was significantly higher in A-V than in sham dogs both during control and volume expansion. Volume expansion depressed bicarbonate reabsorption significantly in both groups. Glucose reabsorption fell following volume expansion in both groups; glucose reabsorption was significantly higher in A-V dogs than in sham dogs during control and volume expansion. Volume expansion led to a minimal increase in sodium excretion in A-V dogs when compared to the increase in the sham dogs. These data demonsttate that chronic sodium retention is associated with enhanced reabsorption of glucose and bicarbonate. The site in the neophron responsible for the increase in reabsorption of these substances cannot be determined with certainty based on these clearance studies although it is possible that proximal reabsorption may be enhanced in this model.

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